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EEC2B > Conservation Planning (10) > Flashcards

Conservation Planning (10) Flashcards

1
Q

History of SA Conservation (2)

A
  • Became more elicist over time, i.e., restricted to those with social privileges & more land expropriation occurred.
  • increase in protected land over time however most of SA is not protected.
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2
Q

What is the NBA (National Biodiversity Assessment)?

A

= a collaborative effort to synthesize/understand the best available science on SA’s biodiversity to inform policy and decision making in different sectors & contribute national development priorities.

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3
Q

The problem/challenge?

A

= To reconcile (spatial) needs of other land users (mining, forestry, local communities & their resources) with those of conservation.

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4
Q

Solution to problem/challenge?

A

Conservation Planning!

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5
Q

Conservation planning?

A

= new way of “thinking” about Conservation decision-making.

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6
Q

Result of Conservation planning?

A

Realization that Conservation must become more systematic & biodiversity driven.

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7
Q

Paradigm shifts?

A
  • Conservation can’t ignore equity issues, human rights & social justice.
  • Privateers & NGO driven TO central agencies (SANBI, Dept. Forestry, Fisheries & Environment).
  • Only charismatic/single species approach TO ecosystem/landscape approaches.
  • Recognize the lost opportunity costs for other stakeholders.
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8
Q

Evolution of Conservation planning in SA? (5)

A 
Adhock approaches
|
Scoring of land (ranking which land should be conserved.)
|
Planning for representation 
|
Planning for persistence 
|
Planning for implementation
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9
Q

What is a Conservation assessment?

A

=

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10
Q

What is a Conservation plan?

A

= specifically applies for implementation.

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11
Q

Difference between conservation Assessment & conservation plan?

A

● Conservation assessment
= does not take implementation into account.

● Conservation plan
= specifically includes implementation, steps for implementation

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12
Q

Conservation Planning types? (2)

A
  • Systematic conservation planning (SCP).

* Open-based conservation planning (OCP).

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13
Q

Systematic process?

A

= transparent process & is thus defensible against criticism.

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14
Q

3 “aims” of Systematic conservation planning?

A
  • Explicitly/clearly considers a “conservation landscape”.
  • Explicitly considers financial costs for conservation.
  • Awareness of other stakeholders.
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15
Q

How does Systematic conservation planning ensure the awareness of other stakeholders?

A
  • Minimizes conservation costs & lost opportunity costs for other industries.
  • Increase support for Conservation decisions.
  • Promotes enduring conservation actions.
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16
Q

SCP goals? (2)

A
  • Biodiversity representiveness.

* Long-term persistence.

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17
Q

Result of SCP goals?

A

Ensures enduring Biodiversity Conservation.

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18
Q

SCP paradigms? (4)

A
  • Mosaic management, ecosystem conservation & PA networks.
  • Multiple stakeholders in the landscape.
  • Socioeconomic development tops list of governmental priorities.
  • Conservatio must align with the State’s goals to be enduring.
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19
Q

How does SCP minimize Conservation costs & lost opportunity costs for other industries?

A

By ensuring that Socioeconomic development Tops the list of governmental priorities.

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20
Q

6 steps of SCP?

A
  • Compile biodiversity data.
  • Identify conservation goals.
  • Review existing PA network.
  • Select additional conservation areas.
  • Implement conservation actions.
  • Maintain required conservation values.
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21
Q

Elaborate on the 6 steps of SCP?

A

● Compile biodiversity data.
= biodiversity surrogates, remote-sensing data, pattern & process.

● Identify conservation goals
= What do we want to conserve? (specific areas).

● Review existing PA network
= What do we have already?

● Select additional conservation areas
= considering other land-uses/Remembering that resources for conservation are limited.

● Implement conservation actions.

● Maintain required conservation values
= step 2, updating with step 1 as new data available.

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22
Q

Who developed the 6 steps of SCP? And when?

A
  • Margules & Pressey.

* 2000.

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23
Q

Explain the first SCP “aim”?

A

PA networks can incorporate ecosystem processes.

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24
Q

Explain 2nd SCP aim

A

Weight decision making by land prices or management effort.

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25
Q

Another goal of SCP?

A

To capture biodiversity patterns & processes.

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26
Q

Revised Conservation Planning process/step? (9)

A
  • Scope & cost.
  • Identify & involve stakeholders.
  • Identify goals.
  • Compile data.
  • Ser conservation goals.
  • Assess existing PAs.
  • Select new conservation areas.
  • Implement conservation actions.
  • Maintain & monitor.
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27
Q

Detailed steps 1-3: Scoping & Stakeholders? (4)

A
  • Assemble the planning team.
  • Determine the planning region (What areas are we looking at?).
  • Design & cost (financial & temporal allocation) in each step.of planning process.
  • Identify & involve stakeholders.
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28
Q

Who do you want toninvlove in the SCP? (3)

A
  • People who may be affected by new PA system (The “affected”).
  • People who can contribute expert knowledge (The “knowledgeable”/The “experts”).
  • People responsible for implementation & management of existing and new PAs (The “experienced”).
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29
Q

What is scoring?

A

= ranking each planning unit according to a set of criteria & then selecting the site that ranks the highest.

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30
Q

What is the scoring based on?

A

Species richness or rarity.

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31
Q

What does Planning for representation entail? (2)

A
  • Reserving design principles.

* Considers biodiversity processes in addition to species numbers.

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32
Q

Detailed step 4: Compiling data? (3)

A
  • Plan region boundary.
  • Obtain biodiversity feature data (to plan for persistence).
  • Planning units
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33
Q

Types of planning units? (3)

A
  • Regular grids.
  • Farm boundaries.
  • Biophysical boundaries.
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34
Q

Regular grid?

A

=

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35
Q

Farm boundaries?

A

= demarcation of property boundaries.

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36
Q

Biophysical boundaries?

A

= boundaries that occur at different scales.

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37
Q

Pros of Regular grid? (4)

A
  • less boundary cost.
  • easier mapping.
  • better acquiring of species density.
  • easier sampling.
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38
Q

Regular grid con?

A

• biodiversity doesn’t fall within grids (eg a tree may fall within 2 grids).

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39
Q

Farm boundaries pro?

A

Better management.

40
Q

Farm boundaries cons? (2)

A
  • Costly to fence.

* Disagreements in management styles of labd owners.

41
Q

Biophysical boundaries pro?

A

Increased biodiversity.

42
Q

Biophysical boundaries cons? (3)

A
  • More cost.
  • More difficulty in data collection.
  • More management difficulty.
43
Q

2 environmental surrogates?

A
  • Vegetation units.

* Habitat units.

44
Q

Egs of biodiversity processes? (5)

A
  • Birth & death movement of individuals.
  • Migrations.
  • Meta-population dynamics.
  • Nutrient flows.
  • Spatio-temoral dynamics of disturbances like fire and floods.
45
Q

Meta-population dynamics?

A

= where species disappear & recolonise patches.

46
Q

Nutrient flows through what?

A
  • Upwelling in sea.

* River catchments.

47
Q

Catchment modeling?

A

= process of modeling edaphic features.

48
Q

Edaphic features?

A

= involve slope, exposure, sedimentation-erosion dynamics, nutrient flow & water flow.

49
Q

Egs of rules of thumb for “process planning”? (2)

A
  • Conservation areas should be as large & well connected as possible.
  • Conservation areas should be aligned along steep climate gradients.
50
Q

Why are these 2 rules of thumb important?

A

● Conservation areas as large & well connected as possible.
= for facilitation of species persistence.

● Conservation areas being aligned along steep climate gradients.
= for facilitation of the adjustment of species distribution to climate change.

51
Q

Options for incorporating processes? What do you need to consider for Conservation areas? (4)

A
  • Size.
  • Shape.
  • Directional alignment.
  • Replication, spacing & connectivity.
52
Q

Elaborate these options for incorporating processes?

A

● Size
= bigger is better.

● Shape
= perimeter like area ratios & edge effects.

● Directional alignment
= areas should be aligned along stewp climate gradients.

● Replication, spacing & connectivity
= facilitating dispersal between suitable habitats.

53
Q

Detailed step 5: Target setting for protection?

A

= interpretation of protection goals through the filter of available data.

54
Q

What are targets based on/linked to? (3)

A
  • Expert knowledge.
  • Academic research.
  • Existing PA network distribution.
55
Q

What is existing PA network distribution based on? (2)

A
  • Threatened status.

* Ecosystem requirements for functioning.

56
Q

Detailed step 6: Review existing PA network?

A

= where one builds on existing conservation areas & implements gap analysis.

57
Q

What is gap analysis?

A

= where one measures the achievement of existing PA systems to achieving the targets set.

58
Q

Gap types? (3)

A
  • Representation gaps.
  • Ecological gaps.
  • Management gaps.
59
Q

Representation gaps?

A

= where there’s either no representations of a specific species or ecosystem in any PA OR there are not enough examples of the species or ecosystem represented to ensure long-term protection.

60
Q

Ecological gaps?

A

= where while the species or ecosystem occurs in the PA system, its occurrence is either of inadequate ecological condition OR the PA(s) fail to address species movements or specific ecological conditions needed for long-term survival or ecosystem functioning.

61
Q

Management gaps?

A

= where PA(s) exist but management regimes do not provide full security for that specific species or ecosystems given local conditions.

62
Q

Detailed step 7: Select new PAs? Basic problems? (2)

A
  • Finding sets of areas that achieve protection targets.
  • Deciding which targets to achieve if limitations on available resources for conservation management do not allow all targets to be met.
63
Q

In detailed step 7 what do you have to make decisions about? (3)

A
  • Methods of protection.
  • Location & design to ensure persistence.
  • Current & future land users.
64
Q

Costs?

A

= where the inclusion of an area into a reserve ensures that it’s removed from commercial or subsistence uses (“lost opportunity costs” & financial costs).

65
Q

Masks?

A

= areas that are excluded from selection.

66
Q

Egs of Masks? (2)

A
  • Areas zoned for other development.

* Degraded areas with too high rehabilitation costs.

67
Q

Preferences?

A

= areas that have preferred characteristics.

68
Q

Eg of preferences?

A

Aress with poor opportunities for commercial uses.

69
Q

Spatial cohesion &self sustainability?

A

= where a connected landscape is more desirable than a fragmented landscape.

70
Q

Flexibility?

A

= having a variety of potential configurations of PA design.

71
Q

Species surrogates types? (3)

A
  • Umbrella species.
  • Charismatic species/Flagship species.
  • Indicator species.
72
Q

Umbrella species?

A

= organism whose space/resource needs are more than that if the organisms it lives with.

73
Q

Possible result of conserving an umbrella species?

A

If we conserve them, we are possibly conserving other organisms within the landscape.

74
Q

Egs of umbrella species? (2)

A
  • Elephants.

* Lions.

75
Q

Charismatic species?

A

= species that make/compel people to give money for conservation and are therefore, used for funding.

76
Q

Charismatic species AKA?

A

The cute & fluffies.

77
Q

Egs of flagship species? (2)

A
  • Pandas.

* Rhinos.

78
Q

Indicator species?

A

= species that tell us something/the condition about the environment.

79
Q

Eg of Habitat health indicator?

A

Amphibians.

80
Q

Indicator species types? (3)

A
  • Habitat health indicator.
  • Population indicator.
  • Biodiversity indicator.
81
Q

Habitat Health indicator?

A

= small-bodied organisms.

82
Q

Population indicators?

A

= Predator-prey interactions.

83
Q

Biodiversity indicators?

A

= information is used about a well-known taxa to deduce information about a less known taxa.

84
Q

Including costs?

A

= involves selecting areas that are less expensive while still meeting targets to allow for.funds to go towards achieving more targets elsewhere.

85
Q

Detailed step 8: Implementation? Steps 1 & 2? Elaborate under these sub steps.

A
  • Conduct an assessment even if data is limited.
  • Pursue goals of representation & persistence.
  • Integrate expert input & systematic, software driven approaches.
  • Set quantified targets
86
Q

What is important to consider in including costs?

A

The livelihoods of the people on that area.

87
Q

Sub steps 1 & 2 of implementation?

A

1) Systematic biodiversity assessment.

2) Consider scale.

88
Q

Sub steps 3 & 4?

A

3) Identify stakeholders and goals.

4) Focused stakeholders collaboration.

89
Q

Elaborate sub steps 3 & 4? (6)

A
  • Identify key stakeholders 1st.
  • Recruit transdisciplinary assessment teams.
  • Involve implementing organizations from the beginning.
  • Involve the entire team in all stages of planning process.
  • Make the case for nature.
  • Avoid broad, unfocused stakeholder workshops.
90
Q

Sub step 5?

A

Deliver assessment outputs as useful planning products.

91
Q

Elaborate sub-step 5? (4)

A
  • Useful planning products must be interpreted easily.
  • Make comprehensible maps.
  • Tailor outputs to implementer’s needs.
  • Planning units may be noted/important.
92
Q

Conservation planning software? (3)

A
  • C-Plan.
  • MARXAN.
  • MARZONE.
93
Q

C-Plan?

A

= Prioritizes areas that are irreplaceable.

94
Q

MARXAN?

A

= Provides multiple best solutions.

95
Q

MARZONE?

A

= best solutions for marine environments.

96
Q

What do these conservation planning software do? (2)

A
  • Increase representation.

* Increase implementation.

EEC2B (43 decks)

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