S2W3Toler

Question 1

Tolerant Personality (Allport)

Answer 1

Tolerant people are those whom ethnic attitudes have no salience.

They have no interest in group distinctions.

To them a person is a person.

Question 2

Tolerant definition

Answer 2

Disagreement over whether it is defined by moral stance, ideology, attitudes or behaviours.

Question 3

Rivka Witenberg

Answer 3

Tolerance as a moral virtue

Putting up with vs. respect, equality, liberty.

Question 4

Wittemann (2005): 3 dimensions

Answer 4

Addresses the problem of measurement of tolerance.

Interpersonal focus

3 Dimensions:
o Warm Tolerance – a person who is different from us but we embrace them

o Cold Tolerance – putting up with people that are different (being civil)

o Limits of Tolerance – where do tolerant people draw the line?

Question 5

Tolerance linked to personality

Answer 5

Butrus & Witenberg

Measured empathy, agreeableness and openness and tolerance of prejudice.

Strongest predictors of tolerance were openess and agreeableness.

Question 6

Empathy and tolerance

Answer 6

Reactions of one individual to the observed experiences of another.

Multidimensional: consists of cognitive and affective components.

Motivates pro-social and altruistic behaviour.

Part of moral development in children.

Higher empathy predicts higher tolerance

Question 7

Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis)

Answer 7

Measures empathy.

Likert Scale (describes me > not like me) and several statements across following factors:

Cognitive Empathy:
• Perspective-taking (put yourself in other’s shoes)

Affective Empathy:
• Empathic concern
• Fantasy (empathy for fiction)
Personal distress

Question 8

Religion: The Golden Rule

Answer 8

Based on:
•	Perspective taking
•	Reciprocity
•	Altruism
•	Care
•	Empathy

Commands to treat others as you yourself want to be treated

Question 9

Hook et al. (2017) - religion

Answer 9

Online survey with 196 American Christian pastors.

Measures:
•	Conservatism
•	Religious commitment
•	Intellectual humility
•	Exposure to diversity
•	Religious tolerance

Results:
•	Higher commitment = more conservative
•	More humility = less conservative 
•	More exposure =  less conservative
•	More religious tolerance = less conservative

Low intellectual humility = exposure doesn’t have positive effect on tolerance.

Question 10

Intellectual humility

Answer 10

Understanding that God is bigger than you and you don’t know it all.

Question 11

Freedom of speech

Answer 11

The right to express any opinion without censorship or restraint.

Difficult balance between right to freedom of speech and protection of vulnerable groups.

Tolerance = accepting within limits people and ideas that are disliked, unacceptable or offensive.

Question 12

Limits of Tolerance

Answer 12

Paradoxical:
• Tolerating the intolerable
• How far can we do this?

Harm principle:
• Does tolerance end where harm begins?

Question 13

Interventions to improve tolerance

Answer 13

UNESCO (1995): Declaration of Principles of Tolerance

International Day for Tolerance: 16th November

OSCE: Charter of Tolerance

Ofsted: tolerance of those with different faiths/beliefs

Question 14

Witenberg (2016) - teaching tolerance

Answer 14

Interventions to make children more tolerant:

Children from the age of six understand:
o	Tolerance
o	Equality
o	Justice
o	Fairness

Focus on development of empathy and sense of fairness

Any intervention must be age appropriate

Argues there are gender differences with men being more conservative and prejudice