S1W2Per Flashcards
Typology approach - Jung (1921)
Personality based on dimensions:
o Extraversion/introversion
o Rational/irrational (split into sensation/intuition and thinking/feeling)
Everyone can be described as a combination of these dimensions.
Influenced Myers-Briggs.
Cattell
16 factors determine personality o Warmth o Liveliness o Vigilance o Also includes reasoning
We all have these on certain levels.
Criticised for lack of theory – model based on statistics
Big 5 – Costa and McCrae (1986)
Big 5 - five factors explain personality differences
o Extraversion o Neuroticism o Conscientiousness o Openness o Agreeableness
Popular in applied psychology, but lacks theory
Trait theory – Eyensck
Based on Jungian type theory and biological function.
The Big 3:
o Extraversion
o Neuroticism
o Psychoticism
Different from typology as people rate on a scale.
Criticisms - can’t make predictions and may not generalise across settings.
Idiographic approach – Rogers & Maslow
Humanistic theory.
Personality as series of individual life stages.
Importance of self-actualisation.
Kelly: cognitive approach based on association (personal construct theory).
CAPS – Cognitive Affective Personality System (1990)
Mischel & Shoda (1995)
Developed by studying summer camps.
Found inconsistency in behaviour across situations.
Integrates nomothetic and idiographic elements of personality.
Takes into account situational variants in the expression of personality.
Cognitive affective processing – Shoda & Mischel (2006)
5 types of cognitive aspects:
Encodings (categories for self/others)
Expectancies and beliefs (about world, own behaviour)
Affects (feelings, emotions)
Goals and values
Competencies and self-regulatory plans (strengths/weaknesses; strategies for dealing with situations)
CAPUs - Cognitive Affective Processing Units
Shoda, Mischel & Wright (1994)
Nominal situations, e.g. exam
CAPUs are active psychological ingredients of situations e.g.
o Potential for criticism
o Performance
o Lack of attention
CAPUs are dynamic in situations (some can be more active than others).
Behavioural expressions of personality
Idiographic element of CAPS
Each individual has a unique situation-behaviour signature (personality profile)
The more stable our profile, the better our perception of our own personality
We’re good at reading others’ profiles
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Critic of trait theory
Importance of motivation, (perceived) self-efficacy, agency and culture
Less personality theory, more studying behaviour
Influential in health psychology
Daniel Cervone
Interest in self-regulation
Application to smoking
Developed KAPA
Attempt to chart ‘architecture’ of personality
KAPA full name
Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture
KAPA aims (Cervone, 2004)
Predict ‘profile shapes’ of CAPS model.
Specify variables that explain these.
2 levels of analysis in KAPA
Knowledge = self-schemas e.g. ‘I am shy’
Appraisal = dynamic judgements about relation between self and others in specific encounters
Cervone (2004)
Participants described own personalities and evaluate in 81 situations.
Rated situation, self-efficacy and relationship with:
o Self-generated traits
o Standard traits
Standard = no relationship with self-efficacy.
Self-generated = closely related to self efficacy.
Standard traits linked to same situations for everyone.
Self-generated traits more diverse and change from person to person.
