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GI/Nutritional Disorders > Rodenticide Toxicity > Flashcards

Rodenticide Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of rodenticide used in N. America?

A

Anticoagulant rodenticide

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2
Q

What are examples of an anticoagulant rodenticide?

A

Warfarin, brodifacoum

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3
Q

What is the toxic effect of anticoagulant rodenticide?

A

Prevents activation of Vit K-dependent coagulation factors

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4
Q

What are clinical signs assoc. w/warfarin toxicity?

A

Hemorrhagic shock signs

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5
Q

Where do warfarin cases usually bleed?

A

Into body cavities (internal)

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6
Q

How soon after warfarin ingestion do clinical signs appear?

A

3-7d

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7
Q

How long can warfarin compounds persists in the body after ingestion?

A

4-6wk

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8
Q

What coagulation pathway will be most prolonged with warfarin toxicity?

A

Prothrombin time (PT)

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9
Q

Why is PT prolonged with warfarin toxicity?

A

Factor 7 has shortest half life of K-dependent coag factors

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10
Q

How long after warfarin ingestion does it take for PT to increase?

A

36-72h

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11
Q

How long after warfarin ingestion will you see aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) increase?

A

3-5d

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12
Q

How do you treat warfarin toxicity?

A

Emesis w/in 2-4h
Activated charcoal +/- sorbitol w/in 8-12h
Vit K1 for 4wk

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13
Q

If you know an animal has ingested warfarin, what is your plan when that animal presents to the clinic?

A

Check PT, induce emesis if PT is normal, Vit K1 for 4wk

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14
Q

How do you treat a dog presenting w/hemorrhage 2* to coagulopathy d/t warfarin tox?

A

Plasma transfusion (+RBC if indicated)
Vit K1
Thoracocentesis, O2 may be needed

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15
Q

What is the toxic principle of bromethalin rodenticide?

A

Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation of ATP

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16
Q

What happens when neurons’ ATP malfunctions?

A

Can’t maintain osmotic gradients, cerebral edema, increased ICP

17
Q

What are clinical signs of high dose bromethalin rodenticide toxicity?

A

Tremors, seizures, hyperexcitability, and hyperthermia <12h after ingestion

18
Q

What are clinical signs of low dose bromethalin rodenticide toxicity?

A

Ascending paralysis beginning in hind limbs days-weeks after ingestion

19
Q

How do you treat bromethalin rodenticide toxicity?

A

GI decontamination if acute, seizure tx/prophylaxis

20
Q

How do you treat increased ICP?

A

Mannitol/furosemide and incline plane 30*

21
Q

What is the toxic principle of cholecalciferol rodenticide?

A

Precursor converted to active Vit D after ingestion

22
Q

What does cholecalciferol rodenticide result in?

A

Increased intestinal absorption of Ca and mobilization from bones

23
Q

What e-lyte abnormalities result from cholecalciferol rodenticide ingestion?

A

Severe hyperCa and hyperP

24
Q

When do cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity clinical signs occur?

A

Usually within 36h of ingestion

25
Q

What are clinical signs of cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity?

A

Acute renal failure, arrhythmias, PU/PD, GI upset

26
Q

What biochem parameters help you diagnose cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity?

A

HyperP (12h), hyperCa (24h), and azotemia (36-48h post ingestion)

27
Q

How do you treat cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity?

A

Activated charcoal if actue
Renal failure supportive care
HyperCa treatment

28
Q

How do you treat hyperCa?

A

Furosemide, bisphosphonates, corticosteroids

29
Q

How do bisphosphonates help treat hyperCa?

A

Inhibit osteoclast activity and bone re-absorption

30
Q

How do corticosteroids help treat hyperCa?

A

Decrease intestinal Ca absorption and urinary retention

31
Q

How does furosemide/diuretics help treat hyperCa?

A

Promote urinary Ca excretion

32
Q

If renal failure results from cholecalciferol rodenticide, what is the prognosis?

A

Guarded to grave

33
Q

What are Vit K-dependent coag factors?

A

2, 7, 9, 10

34
Q

Which rodenticide inhibits epoxide reductase, and therefore causes a loss of vitamin K?

A

Brodifacoum (D-con)

35
Q

Which vegetation produces a vit K antagonist like warfarin and can be dangerous to large animals that eat it?

A

Moldy sweet clover

36
Q

What is the toxin produced by moldy sweet clover?

A

Dicumarol

37
Q

What does dicumarol/warfarin cause?

A

Hemorrhage (NOT hemolysis)

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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