General Gastroenterology of Small Animals and Equine Flashcards
What causes gastric ulcers in pigs?
Housing stress, type of feed, concurrent disease
What clinical signs will you see in pigs with gastric ulcers?
Pale mucous membranes, dark feces
Which age of pigs are most commonly affected by gastric ulcers?
Growing pigs
What will you find on necropsy of a pig with gastric ulscers?
Clotted blood in the stomach and duodenum
Which part of the stomach is most often affected by gastric ulcers in pigs?
Pars esophagea portion
What type of muscle is the canine esophagus composed of?
Completely striated muscle
What type of muscle is the feline esophagus composed of?
2/3 striated, 1/3 smooth muscle
What stomach cells produce HCl?
Parietal cells
What is HCl produced in response to?
Gastrin
What cells produce gastrin?
G-cells in the antrum
What drug do we use to induce emesis in cats?
Xylazine
What drug stimulates appetite in small animals?
Cyproheptadine
What type of obstruction is an intussusception?
Mechanical
What is the most common site for an intussusception in a dog?
Ileocolic
What type of feces will you see with an intussusception?
Scant, bloody diarrhea
What history is usually important for diagnosing an intussusception in small animals?
History of recent enteritis
What type of radiographs are helpful for diagnosing an intussusception?
Barium study
How do you ddx a rectal prolapse vs. colorectal intussusception?
Probe protruding tissue - short distance = prolapse
What is the most common cause of rectal prolapse in kittens?
GI parasites cause severe D+ w/straining
How do you treat a rectal prolapse?
Manual reduction, dextrose solution to decr. edema
How do you treat an intussusception?
Exploratory surgery
What causes gastric ulcers in small animals?
Steroids and NSAIDs, liver failure
How do you treat gastric ulcers in small animals?
Omeprazole
What is the MoA of omeprazole?
Proton pump inhibitor
How do NSAIDs cause gastric ulcers?
Compromise mucus-bicarbonate protection of stomach
How does liver failure cause gastric ulcers?
Decr. mucosal blood flow
Chronic anorexia w/intermittent V+/D+ and wt loss might indicate what GI disease?
IBD
What will you see on ultrasound of IBD?
Multi-focal/diffuse thickening of small intestine
Which layer of the small intestine is most affected by IBD?
Muscularis layer
How does IBD histopathology appear?
Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of GIT
Ho do you treat IBD?
STEROIDS
Which corticosteroid concentrates in the GIT and produces fewer systemic effects?
Budesonide
What immunosuppresive medication is used only in dogs to treat unresponsive IBD?
Azithioprine
What clinical signs will accompany an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Lethargy, anorexia, V+
How will bloods be affected by an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (low Cl, high TCO2)
How do you treat an upper GI obstruction/FB?
Stabilize w/fluids + enterotomy/gastrotomy
How can xylazine sedation cause colic in horses?
Causes inhibition of intestinal motility
Where do you perform an abdominocentesis on a horse and why?
R of midline to avoid the spleen
What are shock organs in a horse?
Lungs and colon
What is normal abdominal fluid in horses?
Yellow, TNCC <5000/uL, TP <2.5mg/dL
When a horse undergoes anaphylaxis, what type of clinical signs will you see?
Resp and lower GI signs
How do you treat anaphylaxis in a horse?
Epinephrine, antihistamine, steroids
If a horse w/colic regurgitates, what is the prognosis?
Guarded to poor
What are likely causes of regurgitation in foals?
Gastric ulcers, cleft palate, incoordination of swallow reflex
Colic in miniature horses is most commonly caused by what?
Small colon impaction
Acute onset of colic, gastric reflux, absent GI sounds and red mucous membranes indicate what type of colic in a horse?
Small intestine obstruction
What pH of gastric reflux suggests that small intestinal contents are refluxing into the stomach?
pH >5
What causes a small intestine obstruction in a horse?
Strangulating lipoma, mesenteric rent, epiploic foramen incarceration
In what age of horses are lipomas more common?
Middle age to older
Why must you tube a colicking horse?
Horses are unable to vomit to relieve life-threatening reflux pressure
Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DJP) may be related to what infection?
Clostridium dificile
What does a DJP resemble?
Small intestinal obstruction
Is DJP surgical?
No, responds better to medical tx