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GI/Nutritional Disorders > Equine Toxicities > Flashcards

Equine Toxicities Flashcards

1
Q

Ability to transport ions across biological membranes

A

Ionophores

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2
Q

What are ionophores?

A

Lasalocoid, monensis, salinmycin

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3
Q

What are ionophores used for in ruminants?

A

Growth promotion, coccidostats

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4
Q

Which species are ionophores toxic to?

A

Horses

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5
Q

What is the MoA of ionophore tox in horses?

A

Distrubtion of mitochondria causes loss of aerobic energy production

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6
Q

What tissues are affected most by ionophore tox?

A

Muscular and neuro tissue

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7
Q

How soon after ionophore exposure do acute clinical signs develop?

A

Within 24h

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8
Q

What are acute clinical signs of ionophore toxicity?

A

Ataxia, anorexia, tremors, tachycardia, recumbency, death

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9
Q

What are long-term effects of ionophore toxicity?

A

Poor performance, exercise intolerance, arrhythmias

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10
Q

How does ionophore toxicity cause long-term effects?

A

Damage to the heart

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11
Q

How do you treat ionophore tox?

A

Check diet and remove source, no specific therapy

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12
Q

Used in insecticides

A

Organophosphates

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13
Q

What is the MoA of organophosphates?

A

Inhibits ACh-ase = accumulation of ACh @ post-synaptic receptors = excessive neurotransmitter activity

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14
Q

What are clinical signs of organophosphate toxicity in horses?

A

SLUDD signs, bradycardia, miosis

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15
Q

What other toxicity causes clinical signs similar to organophosphate tox and works via the same mechanism?

A

Carbamates

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16
Q

How do you treat carbamate tox?

A

Atropine and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM)

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17
Q

What fungus is assoc. w/fescue?

A

Neotyphodium

18
Q

What toxin does Neotyphodium produce?

A

Eropeptine alkaloids

19
Q

What is the MoA of eropeptine alkaloids?

A

Dopamine agonist

20
Q

What are clinical signs of fescue tox?

A

Prolonged gestation, placental thickening, agalactia

21
Q

How do you dx fescue tox?

A

Empiric

22
Q

How do you tx fescue tox?

A

Remove fescue + Domperidone

23
Q

What plant causes acute hemolytic anemia in horses?

A

Wilted red maple

24
Q

Are fresh red maple leaves toxic to horses?

A

No, just wilted ones

25
Q

What does the wilted red maple toxin cause?

A

Oxidative damage to erythrocyte membranes (RBC lysis)

26
Q

What are clinical signs of red maple tox?

A

Lethargy, dyspnea, dark-colored urine, acute renal failure

27
Q

How do you treat red maple tox?

A

IVFT, blood transfusion, Vit C

28
Q

What do blister beetles contain that is toxic to horses?

A

Cantharidin

29
Q

Where do blister beetles live?

A

Alfalfa hay

30
Q

What is the MoA of cantharidin?

A

GIT and kidney irritation

31
Q

What samples can you take to ID catharidin?

A

Stomach or urine contents

32
Q

How do you tx blister beetle toxicity?

A

Supportive care

33
Q

What does moldy corn toxicity cause?

A

Leukoencephalomalacia

34
Q

What toxin does moldy corn contain?

A

Mycotoxin fumonisin

35
Q

What type of clinical signs does moldy corn tox produce?

A

Neuro more than liver-related

36
Q

What are clinical signs of moldy corn tox?

A

Incoordination, blondness, head pressing, sweating, anorexia, lethargy

37
Q

What toes moldy corn toxin cause in the brain?

A

Liquefactive necrosis and cerebral degeneration

38
Q

How can you empty ionophores from the GIT of a horse?

A

Mineral oil, activated charcoal, IVFT

39
Q

How does fescue cause reproductive failure in mares?

A

Prolactin suppression

40
Q

Will GI or neuro signs appear first in horses affected by cantharidin (blister beetle tox)?

A

GI (colicking)

41
Q

How do you treat organophosphate toxicity in dogs and cats?

A

Atropine or 2-PAM

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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