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GI/Nutritional Disorders > Misc Toxicology of Small Animals > Flashcards

Misc Toxicology of Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What does xylitol tox cause in dogs?

A

Rapid release of insulin = hypoglycemia

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2
Q

What are clinical sings of xylitol tox?

A

V+, weakness, ataxia, depression, seizures/coma

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3
Q

What e-lyte abnormality is most concerning to watch out for with xylitol toxicity?

A

Hypokalemia

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4
Q

How do you treat xylitol tox?

A

IVFT w/dextrose, hepatoprotectants (SAMe) if necessary

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5
Q

What is the MoA of a black widow spider bite?

A

Acetylcholine in the toxin binds Ca channels

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6
Q

What does a black widow spider bite cause?

A

Ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves

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7
Q

What is the genus of black widow spiders?

A

Lactrodectus mactans/hesperus

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8
Q

How do black widow spider bite victims die?

A

Respiratory/CV failure

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9
Q

What are clinical signs of a black widow spider bite?

A

Recumbency, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/muscle spasms

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10
Q

Why are fleet enemas dangerous?

A

High in phosphorus

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11
Q

How does a fleet enema affect calcium?

A

HypoCa

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12
Q

What are clinical signs of fleet enema tox?

A

Hypocalcemia signs like weakness, shock, tremors, and seizures

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13
Q

How do you tx fleet enema tox?

A

Ca gluconate, phosphorus binders

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14
Q

Other than hypoCa, what other electrolyte abnormalities can a fleet enema cause?

A

Hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia

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15
Q

How do you treat hyperkalemia assoc. w/fleet enema tox?

A

Insulin and dextrose

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16
Q

What is strychnine found in?

A

Snail bate

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17
Q

What is the MoA of strychnine?

A

Competitively antagonizes action of glycine

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of strychnine toxicity?

A

Loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord and brain

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19
Q

What tissue is most affected by strychnine tox?

A

Striated muscle

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20
Q

How do you treat strychnine tox?

A

Methocarbamol (prevent convulsions) and minimize stimulation

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21
Q

In which type of chocolate is methylxanthines most highly concentrated?

A

Unsweetened baking chocolate (and dark chocolate)

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22
Q

What are examples of methylxanthine?

A

Caffeine, theobromide

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23
Q

Which toxin alters activity of sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization in cats?

A

Pyrethrins

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24
Q

What are clinical signs of pyrethrin toxiciosis?

A

Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors

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25
Q

How do you treat pyrethrin tox?

A

Methocarbamol, bathe

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26
Q

Which animals is acetominophen toxic to?

27
Q

Why is acetominophen toxic to cats?

A

Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase to break it down

28
Q

What does acetominiophen ingestion cause in cats?

A

Methemoglobinemia, sometimes Heinz bodies

29
Q

How do you treat acetominophen tox in cats?

A

N-acetylcystine

30
Q

What causes renal failure?

A

Grapes/raisins, lillies

31
Q

What do lillies cause in cats?

A

Acute renal failure

32
Q

What toxicoses cause heinz body anemia?

A

Zinc, onions, rye grass, brassica family

33
Q

Ingestion of which toxin causes hemolytic anemia and heinz body anemia d/t oxidative damage to RBCs?

34
Q

What are signs of onion toxicity?

A

Hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia

35
Q

What nutritional deficiency can cause heinz body anemia?

A

Molybdenum deficiency

36
Q

What plant causes heinz body anemia and icterus in horses?

A

Red maple leaves (Acer rubrum)

37
Q

How do red maple leaves cause heinz body anemia in horses?

A

Low O2 content in blood

38
Q

How do you treat lead poisoning in large animals?

A

Ca EDTA to chelate

39
Q

Why should you NOT use Na EDTA to treat lead poisoning?

A

Na will bind up Ca and cause hypoCa

40
Q

How do lead poisoned large animal patients present?

A

Acute blindness, dullness, unaware of presence

41
Q

How can you determine if a cow has been poisoned with lead?

A

Rumen contents have oilys heen

42
Q

How are large animals subjected to lead poisoning?

A

Contaminated petroleum products

43
Q

How are small animals subjected to lead poisoning?

A

Ingestion of pennies minted after 1983

44
Q

Non-stick cookware releases this odorless vapor when heated above critical temperatures

45
Q

How does teflon affect birds?

A

Accumulates in lungs and causes fluid accumulation which impairs gas exchange

46
Q

How quickly can birds die from teflon toxicity?

A

Within minutes

47
Q

What toxic agent is found in avocado?

A

Persin (a phytochemical)

48
Q

What are clinical signs of avocado tox in birds?

A

Heart failure and resp compromise

49
Q

Which species has been experimentally proven to be susceptible to toxic effects of persin?

A

Budgerigars

50
Q

What are sources of lead that a bird might get into?

A

Paint, toys, jewelry, glitter, foil, lead shot

51
Q

What are signs of lead poisoning in birds?

A

Acute weakness, anorexia, regurgitation

52
Q

What are common sources of zinc poisoning in birds?

A

Paint primers on cages, nails, galvanized metals, jewelry

53
Q

What are clinical signs of lead toxicity in birds?

A

Depression, regurgitation, lameness, behavioral change

54
Q

How do you diagnose a metal toxicity in a bird?

A

Radiographs and blood testing

55
Q

What clinical signs does caffeine cause in birds?

A

Vomiting, hyperactivity, tremors/seizures

56
Q

What aerosol vapors from household chemicals are birds particularly sensitive to?

A

Phenol derivatives (Lysol)

57
Q

Birds often like the taste of this but it can cause severe liver damage

A

Beer (alcohol)

58
Q

What mineral must be limited in large breed puppies to prevent skeletal abnormalities?

59
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes night blindness

60
Q

Common cause of status epilepticus in young toy breed dogs

A

Hypoglycemia

61
Q

What is maintenance energy requirement for dogs and cats?

A

30xBW+70 (dogs)

80xBW (cats)

62
Q

Which dog breed is predisposed to copper toxicosis?

A

Bedlington terriers

63
Q

How do you diagnose bile peritonitis?

A

Bilirubin conc in fluid 2x that of serum

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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