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GI/Nutritional Disorders > Poisonous Plants > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are cyanide containing plants?

A

Chokecherry, Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (sorghum)

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2
Q

What is the toxic principle of cyanide?

A

Inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

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3
Q

How does cyanide affect the cells?

A

Cannot release O2 for transport, leads to cellular hypoxia

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4
Q

How soon after ingestion of a cyanide containing plant will clinical signs begin?

A

Within 10-15min

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5
Q

What is commonly the first clinical sign of cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Acute death

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6
Q

What are other potential signs of cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Excitement/tremors, dyspnea, salivation

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7
Q

What is a key finding on investigations of a cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Bright red blood (cherry colored)

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8
Q

How will cyanide gas in the rumen smell?

A

Faint bitter almond smell

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9
Q

How do you treat cyanide toxicity?

A

Sodium thiosulfate or small amount of sodium nitrite

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10
Q

How does sodium nitrite treat cyanide tox?

A

Has greater affinity for cyanide so it strips cyanide from cytochrome oxidase

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11
Q

How does sodium thiosulfate treat cyanide tox?

A

Reacts w/cyanide to form thiocyanate which is excreted in urine

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12
Q

What are nitrate accumulating plants?

A

Pigweed, Nightshades, oat hay, Sorghum, rye, alfalfa

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13
Q

Why are nitrate accumulating plants particularly a problem in ruminants?

A

Reduction to nitrite by microbes in rumen

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14
Q

What color blood will nitrate poisoning produce?

A

Chocolate brown (diminished O2 carrying capacity)

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15
Q

What does nitrate cause in the blood?

A

Methemoglobinemia

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of nitrate poisoning?

A

Dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

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17
Q

How do you treat nitrate poisoning?

A

1% methylene blue

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18
Q

How does methylene blue help treat nitrate poisoning?

A

Reduces methemoglobin

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19
Q

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides, oleandrin, and neriine?

A

Oleander

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20
Q

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that prolong diastole?

A

Foxglove

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21
Q

Which plant contains >20 cardiac glycosides and has a digitalis-like action?

A

Lily of the Velley

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22
Q

What plant contains taxine alkaloids A and B?

A

Yew

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23
Q

How does yew affect the heart?

A

Inhibits cardiac depolarization

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24
Q

Which plant contains andromedotoxins?

A

Rhododendron (azalea)

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25
Q

What do andromedotoxins do?

A

Bind membrane Na channels = excitation and digitalis

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26
Q

What are clinical sings of cardiotoxic plants?

A

Salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, AV block, collapse

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27
Q

How do you treat cardiotoxic plant tox in small aimals?

A

Emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care

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28
Q

How do you treat bradycardia assoc. w/cardiotoxic plant tox?

A

Atropine

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29
Q

How do you treat AV blocks assoc. w/cardiotoxic plant tox?

A

Isoproterenol, procainamide, quinidine

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30
Q

What plant causes primary photosensitization?

A

St. John’s wort

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31
Q

What plants cause 2* photosensitization?

A

Brassica spp. (rape), Blue-green algae, Groundsel

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32
Q

What is photosensitization?

A

Increases susceptibility to UV light damage

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33
Q

What areas of the body are most affected by photosensitization?

A

White/light skinned areas, thin/non-pigmented areas

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34
Q

When ingested/absorbed, the agent is or is metabolized to become photodynamic

A

Primary photosensitization

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35
Q

Is primary or secondary photosensitization have a better prognosis?

A

Primary

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36
Q

Effects of _____ photosensitization are usually restricted to the skin

A

Primary

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37
Q

Causes damage to the liver along with skin lesions

A

Secondary photosensitization

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38
Q

What are clinical signs of photosensitization?

A

Erythema, edema, sunburn, pruritus, hyperesthesia

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39
Q

What are neurotoxic plants?

A

Lupine, poison hemlock, Larkspur, Nightshade, Bracken fern

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40
Q

Which neurotoxic plant most commonly affects sheep?

A

Lupine

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41
Q

What is the MoA of lupine?

A

Quinolizidine alkaloid induces nicotinic effects

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42
Q

What are clinical signs of lupine?

A

Salivation, incoordination, head-pressing, wandering, tremors/seizures

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43
Q

In which species is lupine a teratogen?

A

Cattle

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44
Q

At what age gestation is lupine teratogenic in cattle?

A

40-70d gestation

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45
Q

What plant causes “crooked calf syndrome”?

A

Lupine

46
Q

How do you treat lupine and poison hemlock?

A

No specific treatment

47
Q

Contains coiine and pyrididine-type alkaloids

A

Poison hemlocks

48
Q

What are clinical signs of poison hemlock?

A

Salivation, V/D, tremors/convulsions

49
Q

How can poison hemlock cause death?

A

Respiratory failure

50
Q

Contains polycyclic diterpene alkaloids

A

Larkspur

51
Q

What is the MoA of larkspur?

A

Neuromuscular blocker = cholinergic/nicotinic antagonist

52
Q

Which species is most susceptible to larkspur?

A

Cattle

53
Q

What are clinical signs of larskpur?

A

Bloat, excitability, arrhythmias, tremors/seizures

54
Q

How can larkspur cause death?

A

Respiratory paralysis

55
Q

What are the two toxins Nightshade contains?

A

Glycoalkaloid and aglycone (GI and neuro)

56
Q

What are clinical signs of nightshade?

A

Anorexia, abd pain, V/D, apathy, prostration, unconsciousness

57
Q

Which plant is poisonous to cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses?

A

Bracken fern

58
Q

What is the MoA of bracken fern?

A

Thiaminase cleaves Vit B1; ptaquiloside alkylates DNA

59
Q

What does a thiamine deficiency result in?

A

Polioencephalomalacia

60
Q

What are clinical signs of bracken fern?

A

Standing with legs apart, depression, tremors, blindness

61
Q

What are clinical signs of ptaquiloside from bracken fern in ruminants?

A

Bone marrow destruction (anemia) and hemorrhage

62
Q

How do you treat bracken fern?

A

Inj thiamine, none for ptaquiloside

63
Q

What animal is susceptible to black walnut toxicity?

A

Horses

64
Q

What is the most common source for black walnut tox in horses?

A

Sawdust/shavings from black walnut trees used in bedding

65
Q

What are clinical signs of black walnut tox?

A

Acute laminitis, distal limb edema

66
Q

How do you treat black walnut tox?

A

Remove source, wash legs, tx for laminitis

67
Q

Which poisonous plant contains ricin and what is it?

A

Castor bean, glycoprotein

68
Q

What are clinical signs of castor bean?

A

Anorexia, V/D, thirst, mm spasms, sweating, organ edema

69
Q

What plant contains cardiogenic gossypol?

A

Cottonseed

70
Q

What age group does cottonseed most affect?

A

Very young cattle sheep and pigs

71
Q

What are clinical signs of cottonseed tox?

A

Sudden death, red urine, pot-belly

72
Q

How does cottonseed cause death?

A

Heart failure

73
Q

What are clinical signs of dumbcane?

A

Ptyalism, tongue/lip edema, difficulty swallowing/breathing

74
Q

What is the MoA of dumbcane?

A

Irritation of the mucous membranes

75
Q

What are clinical signs of locoweed?

A

Clicking dewclaws, emaciation, contracted tendon, ataxia

76
Q

Which plant causes “cracker heels”?

A

Locoweed

77
Q

What is one of the most toxic plants known to cattle and horses?

A

Waterhemlock

78
Q

What does waterhemlock contain that is highly contagious to cattle and horses?

A

Cicutoxin

79
Q

What are clinical signs of waterhemlock?

A

Acute violent tetanic seizures

80
Q

What species is affected by yellow star thistle?

A

Horses

81
Q

What plant causes “chewing disease” in hoses?

A

Yellow star thistle

82
Q

What does yellow star thistle cause in horses?

A

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia

83
Q

What is the main clinical sign of yellow star thistle tox in horses?

A

Chewing and dropping food, chewing motions in an empty mouth

84
Q

What is the MoA of perilla mint?

A

Perilla ketone causes pulmonary edema and pleural effusion

85
Q

What are clinical signs of perilla mint?

A

Nasal discharge, exhalation resp distess

86
Q

Which plant contains cyclopamine and mainly causes stillborns in sheep?

A

Western false hellebore

87
Q

At what age gestation will W. false hellebore cause “monkey faced lambs”

A

Day 14

88
Q

When will lambs develop craniofacial deformities if affected by W. false hellebore?

A

Day 12-30 gestation

89
Q

How are lambs affected by W. false hellebore at day 30-36 gestation?

A

Shortened legs and MT bone hypoplasia

90
Q

Which plant affecting horses and cattle contains ketone and trematone which is passed to the young via milk?

A

White snakeroot

91
Q

What are clinical signs of white snakeroot in horses?

A

Myocardial necrosis and CHF

92
Q

What are clinical signs of white snakeroot in cattle?

A

Ataxia, depression, tremors, “acetone breath”

93
Q

What plant causes RBC lysis in horses?

A

Red maple

94
Q

A depressed horse with icterus, anemia, hemoglobinemia/uria likely has what plant poisoning?

A

Red maple

95
Q

Which plant causes abortions characterized by weak contractions, excessive discharge, small calves, and retained fetal membranes?

A

Ponderosa pine

96
Q

What plant contains atropine and causes CNS signs?

A

Nightshade

97
Q

Which part of a water hemlock plant is most toxic?

A

Leaves

98
Q

Which plant causes grand mal seizures?

A

Water hemlock

99
Q

Loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra

A

Nicropallidial encephalomalacia (yellow star thistle)

100
Q

What is the px for yellow star thistle tox?

A

Grave

101
Q

What is the teratogen of false hellebore?

A

Cyclopamine

102
Q

What plants cause abortions, weak lambs, and bent legs?

A

Locoweeds

103
Q

What is the MoA of locoweed?

A

Inhibit alpha-mannosidases

104
Q

What is the result of a-mannosidase inhibition caused by locoweed?

A

Neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation

105
Q

What conditions/region does locoweed grow in?

A

West - dry conditions of Rocky Mtns

106
Q

Which plant causes arthrogryposis?

A

Lupine

107
Q

During which trimester does ponderosa pine cause abortion?

A

Last trimester

108
Q

Which plant causes enzootic hematuria d/t hemorrhagic cystitis that progresses to neoplastic changes in the bladder?

A

Bracken fern

109
Q

This plant causes ataxia/tremors as a result of GABA activation when infected with endophytic fungus

A

Perennial ryegrass

110
Q

How does blue-green algae cause neuro signs?

A

Absorbed through mms and causes post-synaptic depolarization block

111
Q

If you find dead birds or cattle next to a pond, what toxicity should you suspect?

A

Blue-green algae

112
Q

What cells are affected by perilla mint?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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