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Poisonous Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are cyanide containing plants?

A

Chokecherry, Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (sorghum)

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2
Q

What is the toxic principle of cyanide?

A

Inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

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3
Q

How does cyanide affect the cells?

A

Cannot release O2 for transport, leads to cellular hypoxia

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4
Q

How soon after ingestion of a cyanide containing plant will clinical signs begin?

A

Within 10-15min

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5
Q

What is commonly the first clinical sign of cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Acute death

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6
Q

What are other potential signs of cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Excitement/tremors, dyspnea, salivation

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7
Q

What is a key finding on investigations of a cyanide-containing plant tox?

A

Bright red blood (cherry colored)

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8
Q

How will cyanide gas in the rumen smell?

A

Faint bitter almond smell

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9
Q

How do you treat cyanide toxicity?

A

Sodium thiosulfate or small amount of sodium nitrite

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10
Q

How does sodium nitrite treat cyanide tox?

A

Has greater affinity for cyanide so it strips cyanide from cytochrome oxidase

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11
Q

How does sodium thiosulfate treat cyanide tox?

A

Reacts w/cyanide to form thiocyanate which is excreted in urine

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12
Q

What are nitrate accumulating plants?

A

Pigweed, Nightshades, oat hay, Sorghum, rye, alfalfa

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13
Q

Why are nitrate accumulating plants particularly a problem in ruminants?

A

Reduction to nitrite by microbes in rumen

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14
Q

What color blood will nitrate poisoning produce?

A

Chocolate brown (diminished O2 carrying capacity)

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15
Q

What does nitrate cause in the blood?

A

Methemoglobinemia

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of nitrate poisoning?

A

Dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

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17
Q

How do you treat nitrate poisoning?

A

1% methylene blue

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18
Q

How does methylene blue help treat nitrate poisoning?

A

Reduces methemoglobin

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19
Q

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides, oleandrin, and neriine?

A

Oleander

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20
Q

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that prolong diastole?

A

Foxglove

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21
Q

Which plant contains >20 cardiac glycosides and has a digitalis-like action?

A

Lily of the Velley

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22
Q

What plant contains taxine alkaloids A and B?

A

Yew

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23
Q

How does yew affect the heart?

A

Inhibits cardiac depolarization

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24
Q

Which plant contains andromedotoxins?

A

Rhododendron (azalea)

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25
What do andromedotoxins do?
Bind membrane Na channels = excitation and digitalis
26
What are clinical sings of cardiotoxic plants?
Salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, AV block, collapse
27
How do you treat cardiotoxic plant tox in small aimals?
Emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care
28
How do you treat bradycardia assoc. w/cardiotoxic plant tox?
Atropine
29
How do you treat AV blocks assoc. w/cardiotoxic plant tox?
Isoproterenol, procainamide, quinidine
30
What plant causes primary photosensitization?
St. John's wort
31
What plants cause 2* photosensitization?
Brassica spp. (rape), Blue-green algae, Groundsel
32
What is photosensitization?
Increases susceptibility to UV light damage
33
What areas of the body are most affected by photosensitization?
White/light skinned areas, thin/non-pigmented areas
34
When ingested/absorbed, the agent is or is metabolized to become photodynamic
Primary photosensitization
35
Is primary or secondary photosensitization have a better prognosis?
Primary
36
Effects of _____ photosensitization are usually restricted to the skin
Primary
37
Causes damage to the liver along with skin lesions
Secondary photosensitization
38
What are clinical signs of photosensitization?
Erythema, edema, sunburn, pruritus, hyperesthesia
39
What are neurotoxic plants?
Lupine, poison hemlock, Larkspur, Nightshade, Bracken fern
40
Which neurotoxic plant most commonly affects sheep?
Lupine
41
What is the MoA of lupine?
Quinolizidine alkaloid induces nicotinic effects
42
What are clinical signs of lupine?
Salivation, incoordination, head-pressing, wandering, tremors/seizures
43
In which species is lupine a teratogen?
Cattle
44
At what age gestation is lupine teratogenic in cattle?
40-70d gestation
45
What plant causes "crooked calf syndrome"?
Lupine
46
How do you treat lupine and poison hemlock?
No specific treatment
47
Contains coiine and pyrididine-type alkaloids
Poison hemlocks
48
What are clinical signs of poison hemlock?
Salivation, V/D, tremors/convulsions
49
How can poison hemlock cause death?
Respiratory failure
50
Contains polycyclic diterpene alkaloids
Larkspur
51
What is the MoA of larkspur?
Neuromuscular blocker = cholinergic/nicotinic antagonist
52
Which species is most susceptible to larkspur?
Cattle
53
What are clinical signs of larskpur?
Bloat, excitability, arrhythmias, tremors/seizures
54
How can larkspur cause death?
Respiratory paralysis
55
What are the two toxins Nightshade contains?
Glycoalkaloid and aglycone (GI and neuro)
56
What are clinical signs of nightshade?
Anorexia, abd pain, V/D, apathy, prostration, unconsciousness
57
Which plant is poisonous to cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses?
Bracken fern
58
What is the MoA of bracken fern?
Thiaminase cleaves Vit B1; ptaquiloside alkylates DNA
59
What does a thiamine deficiency result in?
Polioencephalomalacia
60
What are clinical signs of bracken fern?
Standing with legs apart, depression, tremors, blindness
61
What are clinical signs of ptaquiloside from bracken fern in ruminants?
Bone marrow destruction (anemia) and hemorrhage
62
How do you treat bracken fern?
Inj thiamine, none for ptaquiloside
63
What animal is susceptible to black walnut toxicity?
Horses
64
What is the most common source for black walnut tox in horses?
Sawdust/shavings from black walnut trees used in bedding
65
What are clinical signs of black walnut tox?
Acute laminitis, distal limb edema
66
How do you treat black walnut tox?
Remove source, wash legs, tx for laminitis
67
Which poisonous plant contains ricin and what is it?
Castor bean, glycoprotein
68
What are clinical signs of castor bean?
Anorexia, V/D, thirst, mm spasms, sweating, organ edema
69
What plant contains cardiogenic gossypol?
Cottonseed
70
What age group does cottonseed most affect?
Very young cattle sheep and pigs
71
What are clinical signs of cottonseed tox?
Sudden death, red urine, pot-belly
72
How does cottonseed cause death?
Heart failure
73
What are clinical signs of dumbcane?
Ptyalism, tongue/lip edema, difficulty swallowing/breathing
74
What is the MoA of dumbcane?
Irritation of the mucous membranes
75
What are clinical signs of locoweed?
Clicking dewclaws, emaciation, contracted tendon, ataxia
76
Which plant causes "cracker heels"?
Locoweed
77
What is one of the most toxic plants known to cattle and horses?
Waterhemlock
78
What does waterhemlock contain that is highly contagious to cattle and horses?
Cicutoxin
79
What are clinical signs of waterhemlock?
Acute violent tetanic seizures
80
What species is affected by yellow star thistle?
Horses
81
What plant causes "chewing disease" in hoses?
Yellow star thistle
82
What does yellow star thistle cause in horses?
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
83
What is the main clinical sign of yellow star thistle tox in horses?
Chewing and dropping food, chewing motions in an empty mouth
84
What is the MoA of perilla mint?
Perilla ketone causes pulmonary edema and pleural effusion
85
What are clinical signs of perilla mint?
Nasal discharge, exhalation resp distess
86
Which plant contains cyclopamine and mainly causes stillborns in sheep?
Western false hellebore
87
At what age gestation will W. false hellebore cause "monkey faced lambs"
Day 14
88
When will lambs develop craniofacial deformities if affected by W. false hellebore?
Day 12-30 gestation
89
How are lambs affected by W. false hellebore at day 30-36 gestation?
Shortened legs and MT bone hypoplasia
90
Which plant affecting horses and cattle contains ketone and trematone which is passed to the young via milk?
White snakeroot
91
What are clinical signs of white snakeroot in horses?
Myocardial necrosis and CHF
92
What are clinical signs of white snakeroot in cattle?
Ataxia, depression, tremors, "acetone breath"
93
What plant causes RBC lysis in horses?
Red maple
94
A depressed horse with icterus, anemia, hemoglobinemia/uria likely has what plant poisoning?
Red maple
95
Which plant causes abortions characterized by weak contractions, excessive discharge, small calves, and retained fetal membranes?
Ponderosa pine
96
What plant contains atropine and causes CNS signs?
Nightshade
97
Which part of a water hemlock plant is most toxic?
Leaves
98
Which plant causes grand mal seizures?
Water hemlock
99
Loss of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Nicropallidial encephalomalacia (yellow star thistle)
100
What is the px for yellow star thistle tox?
Grave
101
What is the teratogen of false hellebore?
Cyclopamine
102
What plants cause abortions, weak lambs, and bent legs?
Locoweeds
103
What is the MoA of locoweed?
Inhibit alpha-mannosidases
104
What is the result of a-mannosidase inhibition caused by locoweed?
Neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation
105
What conditions/region does locoweed grow in?
West - dry conditions of Rocky Mtns
106
Which plant causes arthrogryposis?
Lupine
107
During which trimester does ponderosa pine cause abortion?
Last trimester
108
Which plant causes enzootic hematuria d/t hemorrhagic cystitis that progresses to neoplastic changes in the bladder?
Bracken fern
109
This plant causes ataxia/tremors as a result of GABA activation when infected with endophytic fungus
Perennial ryegrass
110
How does blue-green algae cause neuro signs?
Absorbed through mms and causes post-synaptic depolarization block
111
If you find dead birds or cattle next to a pond, what toxicity should you suspect?
Blue-green algae
112
What cells are affected by perilla mint?
Type 1 pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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