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GI/Nutritional Disorders > Misc Toxicology of Large Animals > Flashcards

Misc Toxicology of Large Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Causes hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy in pigs

A

Zealalenone

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2
Q

Potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium

A

Zealalenone

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3
Q

What produces Zealalenone?

A

Fusarium

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4
Q

What lesions do you see with salt poisoning?

A

Perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of salt poisoning?

A

Too much blood Na = increased osmolarity = brain forms idiogenic osmoles

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6
Q

How do you treat salt poisoning?

A

Rehydrate SLOWLY

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7
Q

What clinical signs will you see with salt poisoning?

A

Head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures

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8
Q

Why is rehydrating a salt poisoning patient too quickly a dangerous idea?

A

Hemolysis can occur b/c water rushes into RBCs and they lyse

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9
Q

What is the purpose of idiogenic osmoles?

A

Draw water back into the brain when dehydrated

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10
Q

Copper is a common toxicity in which animals?

A

Sheep

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11
Q

Which animals are very resistant to high copper levels?

A

Pigs

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12
Q

What is the most common way that sheep are exposed to copper?

A

Cattle and horse feed contain too much copper for sheep

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13
Q

What does copper tox cause in sheep?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of copper tox in sheep?

A

Liver levels build until suddenly released = massive hemolysis = icterus

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15
Q

What clinical signs will you see with copper deficiency in sheep?

A

Enzootic ataxia, swayback

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16
Q

In what age of sheep is enzootic ataxia seen?

A

Lambs 1-2mo

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17
Q

What form of copper deficiency is congenital and seen in very young lambs and results in progressive ascending paralysis?

A

Swayback

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18
Q

What causes grass tetany/staggers?

A

Phalaris, hypoMg

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19
Q

What are clinical signs of Phalaris toxicity?

A

Stiff-legged gait, nystagmus, fall and flail wildly

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20
Q

How do you treat Phalaris tox?

A

Remove from pasture

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21
Q

What electrolyte is important for nervous system function and enzyme reactions?

A

Magnesium

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22
Q

When does hypoMg occur?

A

Lush pastures that are well-fertilized w/nitrogen and potassium

23
Q

How do high levels of nitrogen and potassium cause hypoMg

A

Inhibit Mg absorption

24
Q

What clinical signs will you see with hypoMg?

A

Restlessness, staggers, over-alert, convulsions

25
Q

What does black walnut tox cause in horses?

A

Laminitis

26
Q

What is the toxic property of moldy red clover?

A

Slaframine

27
Q

What does slaframine/moldy red clover tox cause?

A

Hypersalivation (“slobbers”)

28
Q

What do oak leaves and acorn toxicity cause?

A

Hemorrhagic D+, abd pain, tenesmus

29
Q

Which animals also get renal damage from oak leaf/acorn tox?

A

Cattle

30
Q

Which parasitic fungus causes ergotism?

A

Claviceps purpura

31
Q

On which plants is C. purpura/ergot found?

A

Rye, oats, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass (GRAIN)

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ergotism?

A

Alkaloids cause vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene

33
Q

What lesions do you see with Sorghum tox?

A

Myelomalacia of lower spinal cord

34
Q

What are clinical signs assoc. w/Sorghum tox?

A

Pelvic limb incoordination, urine dribbling, death

35
Q

How do mucous membranes appear with carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry red

36
Q

How do you ddx carbon monoxide from cyanide tox?

A

Cyanide tox has an almond smell

37
Q

What toxicity is common in horses and cows and causes sudden death w/o rigor mortis, SQ edema, and unclotted blood exuding from orifices?

A

Anthrax

38
Q

Why should you not necropsy a suspected anthrax death?

A

Release spores into environment

39
Q

How do you dx anthrax?

A

Vitreous humor or blood from an ear scrape

40
Q

What are the three forms of human anthrax?

A

Intestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous

41
Q

What produces 4-ipomeanol (4-IP) which causes atypical interstitial pneumonia?

A

Fusarium solani

42
Q

Where is Fusarium solani found?

A

Moldy sweet potatoes

43
Q

What are clinical signs of moldy sweet potato tox?

A

Grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, resp distress

44
Q

What lesions will you see with 4-IP and 3-MI?

A

Lungs are wet, firm, and fail to collapse

45
Q

What plants cause fog fever?

A

Brassica plants (rape, kale, turnips)

46
Q

What is the common name for acute bovine pulmonary edema and ephysema?

A

Fog fever

47
Q

What is the toxic principle of brassica plants?

A

Tryptophan is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)

48
Q

What does 3-MI cause?

A

Interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, cyanosis

49
Q

Which cattle are prone to 3-MI?

A

Cattle on lush forage

50
Q

What are clinical signs of 3-MI?

A

Frothy nasal discharge, SQ emphysema, loud cough, open mouth breathing, crackles and wheezes

51
Q

What is aflatoxin?

A

Mycotoxin from Aspergillus

52
Q

What organ does aflatoxin affect?

A

Liver

53
Q

What lesions will you see with aflatoxins or pyrrolizidine alkaloid tox?

A

Subacute hepatic necrosis and fibrosis

54
Q

Where is aflatoxin found?

A

Moldy grains

GI/Nutritional Disorders (29 decks)

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