Misc Toxicology of Large Animals Flashcards
Causes hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy in pigs
Zealalenone
Potent estrogenic metabolite produced by Fusarium
Zealalenone
What produces Zealalenone?
Fusarium
What lesions do you see with salt poisoning?
Perivascular infiltration of eosinophils
What is the pathogenesis of salt poisoning?
Too much blood Na = increased osmolarity = brain forms idiogenic osmoles
How do you treat salt poisoning?
Rehydrate SLOWLY
What clinical signs will you see with salt poisoning?
Head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures
Why is rehydrating a salt poisoning patient too quickly a dangerous idea?
Hemolysis can occur b/c water rushes into RBCs and they lyse
What is the purpose of idiogenic osmoles?
Draw water back into the brain when dehydrated
Copper is a common toxicity in which animals?
Sheep
Which animals are very resistant to high copper levels?
Pigs
What is the most common way that sheep are exposed to copper?
Cattle and horse feed contain too much copper for sheep
What does copper tox cause in sheep?
Hemolytic anemia
What is the pathogenesis of copper tox in sheep?
Liver levels build until suddenly released = massive hemolysis = icterus
What clinical signs will you see with copper deficiency in sheep?
Enzootic ataxia, swayback
In what age of sheep is enzootic ataxia seen?
Lambs 1-2mo
What form of copper deficiency is congenital and seen in very young lambs and results in progressive ascending paralysis?
Swayback
What causes grass tetany/staggers?
Phalaris, hypoMg
What are clinical signs of Phalaris toxicity?
Stiff-legged gait, nystagmus, fall and flail wildly
How do you treat Phalaris tox?
Remove from pasture
What electrolyte is important for nervous system function and enzyme reactions?
Magnesium
When does hypoMg occur?
Lush pastures that are well-fertilized w/nitrogen and potassium
How do high levels of nitrogen and potassium cause hypoMg
Inhibit Mg absorption
What clinical signs will you see with hypoMg?
Restlessness, staggers, over-alert, convulsions
What does black walnut tox cause in horses?
Laminitis
What is the toxic property of moldy red clover?
Slaframine
What does slaframine/moldy red clover tox cause?
Hypersalivation (“slobbers”)
What do oak leaves and acorn toxicity cause?
Hemorrhagic D+, abd pain, tenesmus
Which animals also get renal damage from oak leaf/acorn tox?
Cattle
Which parasitic fungus causes ergotism?
Claviceps purpura
On which plants is C. purpura/ergot found?
Rye, oats, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass (GRAIN)
What is the pathogenesis of ergotism?
Alkaloids cause vascular constriction, thrombosis, gangrene
What lesions do you see with Sorghum tox?
Myelomalacia of lower spinal cord
What are clinical signs assoc. w/Sorghum tox?
Pelvic limb incoordination, urine dribbling, death
How do mucous membranes appear with carbon monoxide poisoning?
Cherry red
How do you ddx carbon monoxide from cyanide tox?
Cyanide tox has an almond smell
What toxicity is common in horses and cows and causes sudden death w/o rigor mortis, SQ edema, and unclotted blood exuding from orifices?
Anthrax
Why should you not necropsy a suspected anthrax death?
Release spores into environment
How do you dx anthrax?
Vitreous humor or blood from an ear scrape
What are the three forms of human anthrax?
Intestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous
What produces 4-ipomeanol (4-IP) which causes atypical interstitial pneumonia?
Fusarium solani
Where is Fusarium solani found?
Moldy sweet potatoes
What are clinical signs of moldy sweet potato tox?
Grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, resp distress
What lesions will you see with 4-IP and 3-MI?
Lungs are wet, firm, and fail to collapse
What plants cause fog fever?
Brassica plants (rape, kale, turnips)
What is the common name for acute bovine pulmonary edema and ephysema?
Fog fever
What is the toxic principle of brassica plants?
Tryptophan is converted to 3-methyl-indole (3-MI)
What does 3-MI cause?
Interstitial pneumonia, emphysema, cyanosis
Which cattle are prone to 3-MI?
Cattle on lush forage
What are clinical signs of 3-MI?
Frothy nasal discharge, SQ emphysema, loud cough, open mouth breathing, crackles and wheezes
What is aflatoxin?
Mycotoxin from Aspergillus
What organ does aflatoxin affect?
Liver
What lesions will you see with aflatoxins or pyrrolizidine alkaloid tox?
Subacute hepatic necrosis and fibrosis
Where is aflatoxin found?
Moldy grains
