Review Healthy Animals Flashcards
What are the 3 components of connective tissue extracellular matrix?
Protein fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
What is the outer membrane of most organs called? What is it made of?
Serosa made of mesothelium
Since cartilage is avascular, what nourishes the cells?
Synovial fluid
How do neurons get ATP?
Aerobic glycolysis (yields a lot of energy but needs O2)
What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?
Metabolic support
Support neuronal transduction
Blood brain barrier
Osmotic support
CNS scaring
Scaffolding support
What are the 4 types of hierarchies?
Linear (pigs, birds)
Despotic (domestic cats)
Triangular (cows)
Complex (most species)
What is the juvenile period in dogs and cats?
3 months to 6 months
7 weeks to 5 months
What is the transitional phase of horses?
Suckling - few hours, begin following behavior
What is the social phase of horses?
3 weeks - 3 months (social play increases)
What is the juvenile phase of horses?
3m - 3-5 years
What is the photoelectric effect?
Very useful in radiology, responsible for contrast in images
What is technique ratio and what is a the outcome of higher technique?
kVp/mAs. Higher the ratio, darker the image
What does DICOM stand for?
Digital image communication of medicine
What 2 muscles make up the sternocephalicus?
Pars occipitalis and pars mastoideus
When can puppies first hear and see?
When can kittens first hear and see?
3 weeks and 14 days
5 days and 7-14 days
What are the 3 types of myofilaments?
Actin, myosin, and titin
What are the 2 “osteums” of bone?
Periosteum (can produce bone under certain conditions) and endostium.
What do osteocytes secrete to resorb bone?
Carbonic anhydrase
What are the 2 layers of the periosteum and their function?
Fibrous layer (vascular and nerves), osteogenic (Cambrian layer)
What is the purpose of the periosteum?
Supplies osteocytes and chondrocytes, a source of growth factors, and a scaffold for proliferation of osteocytes and chondrocytes.
**during growth and development, the periosteum contributes to bone elongation and modeling and helps with bone recovery after injury
What is bone remodeling?
Normal growth and allows repair of wear and tear
What is bone modeling?
Changing of size and shape (NOT repair)
What is osteoid
It’s means “like bone” and occurs during bone remodeling where osteoclasts dig away then osteoblasts form bone. For a while, this new bone is considered osteoid
Where does membranous ossification occur?
At periosteal surface
What gate the steps of membranous ossification?
There is a primitive mesenchyme on the periosteal surface
The mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblastic phenotype
Production of bone is laid on top of previous bone
How is long bone thickened?
Membranous ossification
What are the 6 steps of bone remodeling
Quiescence, activation of osteoclasts, resorption by osteoclasts, reversal where osteoblasts come in, formation of osteoid by osteoblasts, quiescence
What process uses modeling?
Endochondral ossification
How is cartilage formed? And what is the main type of collagen in hyaline (articular) cartilage?
Chondrocytes produce it and articular collagen is type II
What cell type produces synovial fluid?
Type A (macrophage) and type B (fibroblast like) synoviocytes
What channels are opened in excitation signals?
Sodium channels
What channels are opened in inhibitory signals?
Potassium
What 3 things are within the choroid plexus?
Blood vessels, tela choroidea, and plexus epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium)
What is the CSF made of?
Made from blood plasma. Is nearly protein free both otherwise similar to blood plasma
Of the sternocephalicus, which of the muscles is the more dorsal and which is the more ventral?
Dorsal: pars occipitalis
Ventral: pars mastoideus
