Review Healthy Animals

Question 1

What are the 3 components of connective tissue extracellular matrix?

Answer 1

Protein fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Question 2

What is the outer membrane of most organs called? What is it made of?

Answer 2

Serosa made of mesothelium

Question 3

Since cartilage is avascular, what nourishes the cells?

Answer 3

Synovial fluid

Question 4

How do neurons get ATP?

Answer 4

Aerobic glycolysis (yields a lot of energy but needs O2)

Question 5

What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

Answer 5

Metabolic support
Support neuronal transduction
Blood brain barrier
Osmotic support
CNS scaring
Scaffolding support

Question 6

What are the 4 types of hierarchies?

Answer 6

Linear (pigs, birds)
Despotic (domestic cats)
Triangular (cows)
Complex (most species)

Question 7

What is the juvenile period in dogs and cats?

Answer 7

3 months to 6 months
7 weeks to 5 months

Question 8

What is the transitional phase of horses?

Answer 8

Suckling - few hours, begin following behavior

Question 9

What is the social phase of horses?

Answer 9

3 weeks - 3 months (social play increases)

Question 10

What is the juvenile phase of horses?

Answer 10

3m - 3-5 years

Question 11

What is the photoelectric effect?

Answer 11

Very useful in radiology, responsible for contrast in images

Question 12

What is technique ratio and what is a the outcome of higher technique?

Answer 12

kVp/mAs. Higher the ratio, darker the image

Question 13

What does DICOM stand for?

Answer 13

Digital image communication of medicine

Question 14

What 2 muscles make up the sternocephalicus?

Answer 14

Pars occipitalis and pars mastoideus

Question 15

When can puppies first hear and see?
When can kittens first hear and see?

Answer 15

3 weeks and 14 days
5 days and 7-14 days

Question 16

What are the 3 types of myofilaments?

Answer 16

Actin, myosin, and titin

Question 17

What are the 2 “osteums” of bone?

Answer 17

Periosteum (can produce bone under certain conditions) and endostium.

Question 18

What do osteocytes secrete to resorb bone?

Answer 18

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 19

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum and their function?

Answer 19

Fibrous layer (vascular and nerves), osteogenic (Cambrian layer)

Question 20

What is the purpose of the periosteum?

Answer 20

Supplies osteocytes and chondrocytes, a source of growth factors, and a scaffold for proliferation of osteocytes and chondrocytes.
**during growth and development, the periosteum contributes to bone elongation and modeling and helps with bone recovery after injury

Question 21

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 21

Normal growth and allows repair of wear and tear

Question 22

What is bone modeling?

Answer 22

Changing of size and shape (NOT repair)

Question 23

What is osteoid

Answer 23

It’s means “like bone” and occurs during bone remodeling where osteoclasts dig away then osteoblasts form bone. For a while, this new bone is considered osteoid

Question 24

Where does membranous ossification occur?

Answer 24

At periosteal surface

Question 25

What gate the steps of membranous ossification?

Answer 25

There is a primitive mesenchyme on the periosteal surface The mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblastic phenotype Production of bone is laid on top of previous bone

Question 26

How is long bone thickened?

Answer 26

Membranous ossification

Question 27

What are the 6 steps of bone remodeling

Answer 27

Quiescence, activation of osteoclasts, resorption by osteoclasts, reversal where osteoblasts come in, formation of osteoid by osteoblasts, quiescence

Question 28

What process uses modeling?

Answer 28

Endochondral ossification

Question 29

How is cartilage formed? And what is the main type of collagen in hyaline (articular) cartilage?

Answer 29

Chondrocytes produce it and articular collagen is type II

Question 30

What cell type produces synovial fluid?

Answer 30

Type A (macrophage) and type B (fibroblast like) synoviocytes

Question 31

What channels are opened in excitation signals?

Answer 31

Sodium channels

Question 32

What channels are opened in inhibitory signals?

Answer 32

Potassium

Question 33

What 3 things are within the choroid plexus?

Answer 33

Blood vessels, tela choroidea, and plexus epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium)

Question 34

What is the CSF made of?

Answer 34

Made from blood plasma. Is nearly protein free both otherwise similar to blood plasma

Question 35

Of the sternocephalicus, which of the muscles is the more dorsal and which is the more ventral?

Answer 35

Dorsal: pars occipitalis Ventral: pars mastoideus