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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural

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2
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Vascular

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3
Q

What is the vascular system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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4
Q

What are the two hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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5
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

increases blood pressure, increases renal water resorption, concentrates the urine

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6
Q

What is GnRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Gonandotropin releasing hormone, FSH and LH, Gonads

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7
Q

What is CRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What is TRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin, thyroid

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9
Q

What is PRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin, mammary glands

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10
Q

What is GHRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, growth hormone, liver and all over

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11
Q

What is the prolactin inhibiting hormone?

A

dopamine

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12
Q

What is the inhibiting hormone of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

GIH / somatostatin

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13
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and bone metabolism

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14
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Regulates tissue and energy metabolism

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15
Q

What are the correct terms for absorbing in the kidney, GI, and bones?

A

Absorption
Reabsorption
Resorption

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16
Q

What are the 3 minerals of bone?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of calcium in the blood of bones?

A

Protein-bound calcium
Active Calcium
Complexed calcium

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18
Q

What are the 3 hormones of calcium regulation?

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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19
Q

What are the 3 parathyroid cells?

A

Chief cells
Clear cells
Oxyphil cells

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20
Q

What cells detect changes in calcium and produce the most?

A

Chief cells

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21
Q

What are the 4 functions of PTH

A

Increase blood calcium
Decrease blood phosphorus
Increase bone remodeling
Increases Vitamin D activation

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22
Q

What 3 things stimulate PTH and what inhibits PTH

A

Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Magnesium levels stimulate
Vitamin D and hypercalcemia inhibit

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23
Q

How many targets does PTH have and what are they?

A

Kidney and bone

24
Q

What effect does PTH have on kidneys

A

Calcium reabsorption
inhibit Phosphorus reabsorption
Increase vitamin D synthesis

25
Q

What role does PTH have on bones?

A

Increase bone resorption
PTH acts to activate osteoclasts

***Phosphorus is also released in this process (urinated through kidney)

26
Q

What role does the proximal tube have in reabsorption?

A

Inhibits Na/Pi transporter to not allow reabsorption of phosphate

27
Q

What role does the loop of Henle have in calcium homeostasis

A

Increases Na/K/Cl cotransporter, making lumen more positive which increases transport of Ca and Mg

28
Q

What role do tubular cells have on calcium homeostasis?

A

PTH activates hydroxylase which activated vitamin D

29
Q

What organ and which cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (c cells) of thyroid

30
Q

What is released in the stomach that activates C cells

A

Gastrin is released in response to calcium which causes C cells to release calcitonin

31
Q

What role does calcitonin play during lactation

A

Calcitonin helps to make sure that too much bone isnt being resorbed

32
Q

What additional hormone is released during lactation from the mammary gland?

A

PTHrP Parathyroid hormone-related peptide

33
Q

What does vitamin D do in calcium homeostasis?

A

A little confusing but it modulates it to make sure that not too much calcium from bone is being used, increased calcium AND phosphorus as well as reducing PTH secretion

34
Q

What is a vitamin D deficiency called in youth?
Adults?

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia

35
Q

What is the precursor to vitamin D?

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

What activates vitamin D in the kidney?

A

PTH

37
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D and what is the inactive form?

A

calcidio and calcitriol

38
Q

What is the active and inactive form of TH?

A

T4 = inactive
T3 = active

39
Q

What cell makes thyroid
Where is thyroid stored?

A

Follicular cells
Follicle colloid

40
Q

What element does thyroid hormone require?

A

Iodine

41
Q

What role does iodine play in T4 secretion?

A

T4 is made in follicular cells and exported to colloid
TSH stimulates increase in iodine transport into colloid
iodine binds precursor then moved out into circulation
Some T3 is also secreted

42
Q

How is T3 inactivated?

A

cleaved to T2

43
Q

How is most thyroid hormone found in the blood?

A

Protein bound

44
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

High TH which increases metabolic function

45
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low circulating TH which decreases metabolic activity

46
Q

How would you not superimpose the mandible in a VD view of the head? And what is it used for?

A

Open mouth VD, allows for view of nasal cavity

47
Q

What is an additional way to check the nasal cavities of dogs?

A

Intraoral dorsal ventral image (place plate in dog’s mouth)

48
Q

What is a rostrocaudal image used for?

A

To look at frontal sinuses
Tip nose away from tube to look at tympanic bulla

49
Q

How do you place a marker in a dorsal-ventral oblique view (or any oblique view)

A

The marker closets to the anatomy indicates side

50
Q

What is are main images taken for large animals?

A

Dorsal ventral
lateral images

51
Q

How can you tell the difference between lateral and oblique images?

A

Not a perfect imposition
Has two labels

52
Q

What are reasons to radiograph the skull and spine?

A

Trauma
Masses or swellings
Ear disease
Nasal and parasinus disease
Teeth

53
Q

What is the best way for a dog to lie during cervical x rays

A

When the dog’s spine is as straight as possible

54
Q

What does the marker on a lateral image represent?

A

Which side of the body is closest to the table

55
Q

How is a cervical ventral dorsal image done on small animals

A

Put into a trough

May need to aim beam towards thorax to highlight disk changes

56
Q

When are DV / VD images done in large animals?

A

ONLY when they are small

Anatomy (26 decks)

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