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Anatomy > Ophthamology > Flashcards

Ophthamology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the technical term for the eyeball?

A

The globe

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2
Q

What is the technical term for the eye socket?

A

The orbit

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3
Q

What is the technical term for everything except the globe?

A

The adnexa

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4
Q

What are the components of the anterior segment of the eye?

A

The cornea, anterior chamber, iris, iridocorneal angle, ciliary body, and lens

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5
Q

What are components of the posterior segment?

A

Choroid, retina, optic nerve, posterior sclera, vitreous humor

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6
Q

What are the 4 recuts muscles of the eye

A

Ventral rectus, dorsal rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus

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7
Q

What are the oblique muscles of the eye?

A

Dorsal/superior oblique and ventral/inferior oblique

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8
Q

Which muscle pulls the eye back?

A

Retractor bulbi muscle

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9
Q

What is the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid?

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva

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10
Q

What muscle elevates the upper eyelid?
What muscles closes upper and lower eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
Orbicularis oculi

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11
Q

What is the sebaceous gland at the tip of the eyelid?

A

Meibomian glands

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12
Q

What are the components of the eyelid?

A

Palpebral conjunctiva, meibomian gland, tarsus, levator palpebrae superioris, and obicularis oculi

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13
Q

What does the meibomian gland do? And where does it open at?

A

Secretes lipid layer of tear film and it opens at the mucocutaneous junction

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14
Q

What is the collagen sheet in the eyelid?

A

The tarsus which gives the eye rigidity and provides a place for muscle attachment

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the eyelid?

A

V - Sensory
III and VII - Motor
Autonomic - Sympathetic nerve

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16
Q

What nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris

A

CN III

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17
Q

What nerve innervates orbicularis oculi?

A

CN VII

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18
Q

What is the muscle that lowers the inferior eyelid?

A

Malaris Muscle

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19
Q

What is the Malaris muscle innervated by?

A

CN VII

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20
Q

What is the autonomic muscle of the eyelid?

A

Mueller’s Muscle

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21
Q

What does Mueller’s muscle do?

A

A smooth muscle that provides tone to the tarsus

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22
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the eye?

A

The Medial and lateral canthal ligaments

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the canthal ligaments?

A

Anchor the medial and lateral canthus to periosteum of the orbital rim

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24
Q

What is the conjunctive?

A

The conjunctiva is a mobile, elastic mucous membrane

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25
Q

What the histological characteristics of the conjunctiva?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + goblet cells

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26
Q

What is the nicitans?

A

Aka “third eyelid”
Triangular piece of tissue in the medial fornix

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27
Q

Where is the ventral fornix

A

At the crypt between the nictitans and the cornea

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28
Q

What does the nictitating membrane do?

A

Moves dorsolaterally
Spreads tear film across the eye, protects the globe, and removes particles from the surface

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29
Q

What are the components of the nictitating membrane?

A

Gland of the nictitans
T shaped cartilage that acts as squeegee
orbital lacrimal gland

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30
Q

What is the backside of the nictitans called?

A

The bulbar surface

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31
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus do?

A

Produce, distribute, and drain the pre-corneal tear film

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32
Q

What are the layers of the pre-corneal tear film (PTF)?

A

Fluid Layer-> Lipid layer -> aqueous layer (thickest) -> Mucin layer

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33
Q

What gland produces each of the layers?

A

Lipid Layer: Meibomian gland
Aqueous layer: Lacrimal gland
Mucin layer: Goblet cells

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34
Q

What is the outflow apparatus and its parts?

A

The lacrimal outflow apparatus
Ocular puncta (drainage holes)
Canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Nasal puncta

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35
Q

What are the 3 concentric tunics of the globe?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Nervous

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36
Q

What are the structures within the fibrous tunic?

A

Cornea
Sclera

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37
Q

What are the structures within the vascular tunic?

A

Choroid, ciliary bodies, iris

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38
Q

What are the structures within the nervous tunic?

A

Retina
optic nerve

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39
Q

Where and what is the sensory innervation of the cornea?

A

In the superficial 1/3 by the trigeminal nerve (V)

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40
Q

What are the 4 layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium
Stroma (biggest)
Descemet’s membrane
Endothelium

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41
Q

What special structure is on the corneal epithelium and what is their purpose

A

Microvilli which helps to stabilize the tear film

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42
Q

What is the turnover rate of the corneal epithelial cells?

A

7 days

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43
Q

What percent water is the corneal stroma?

A

78%

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44
Q

Is the cornea hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic, a break in epithelium will cause edema

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45
Q

What does ulceration of the corneal epithelium cause?

A

Focal corneal edema

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46
Q

What does damage to corneal endothelium cause?

A

Diffuse corneal edema

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47
Q

What is the endothelium’s function?

A

Pumps fluid out of the cornea to maintain deturgescence

48
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Corneal-Scleral Junction, where the sclera joins cornea
This is the zone of transition to regularly arranged collagen of the cornea

49
Q

Roughly what structures of the conjunctiva are around the limbus?

A

The bulbar conjunctiva

50
Q

What collagen structure supports the axons of the optic nerve

A

The lamina cribosa

51
Q

What is another term for the vascular tunic?

A

Uvea

52
Q

What is the junction of iris base to inside of the cornea

A

the iridocorneal angle?

53
Q

How does the iridocorneal junction attach?
What does it do?

A

Via pectinate ligaments
It is the sight of aqueous humor drainage through trabecular network

54
Q

What are the components to the ciliary body?

A

Pars plicata = ciliary processes
Pars plana = flat portion where retina inserts

55
Q

What does the smooth muscle of the ciliary body do?

A

Involved in accommodation (fine focusing) of the lens

56
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

The non-pigmented cells of the ciliary body

57
Q

Where does aqueous humor flow out of into the anterior chamber

A

Pupil

58
Q

What is glaucoma caused by?

A

Blockage of the iridocorneal angle so aqueous humor cannot escape, thus increasing ocular pressure

59
Q

What is the process of lens fiber formation?

A

Equatorial epithelial cells proliferate and elongate, this pushes cells inward and eventually, they lose their nucleus

60
Q

What are the anterior and posterior sutures?

A

This is the formation of a Y and upside down Y respectively formed from lens cell growth

61
Q

Which part of the lens capsule is the thinnest?

A

Posterior capsule

62
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Underlies and provides vascular support of the retina

63
Q

What is the main purpose of vascularization of the choroid?

A

Thermal regulation

64
Q

What is the tapetum part of?

A

It is part of the choroid and is the top layer of the choroid

65
Q

What two layers of the sensory retina are we required to know?

A

Ganglion cell layer
Photoreceptor layer

66
Q

What interaction occurs between the photoreceptor layer and the ganglion layer?

A

The photoreceptors send signaling up to retinal ganglion cells which is then transmitted to the optic nerve

67
Q

What is CN 2 and what role does it play in the globe?

A

It is the optic nerve which is at the posterior end of the eye and is made up of retinal axons

68
Q

What would a complete lesion of the optic nerve do?

A

It would causes blindness, dilated pupil, and absent PLR

69
Q

What is CN3 and what does it do in the globe?

A

CN3 is oculomotor nerve and provides parasympathetic fibers to pupil, innervates levator palpebrae superioris, and provides motor fivers to all extraocular muscles except Lateral rectus, retractor bulbi, and superior/dorsal oblique (LRS)

70
Q

What extraocular muscles are not innervated by CN3 (oculomotor nerve)

A

(LRS)3
Lateral rectus = 6
Retractor bulbi muscle = 6
Superior/dorsal oblique = 4

71
Q

What would a lesion in CN 3 cause?

A

droopy top eyelid, dilated pupil

72
Q

What is CN4 and what does it do in the globe?

A

Trochlear nerve that innervates the superior oblique

73
Q

What is CN5 and what are the 3 branches?

A

Trigeminal nerve that has 3 branches, afferent
1. Ophthalmic branch
2. Maxillary branch
3. Mandibular branch

74
Q

What does the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensory fibers from cornea, conjunctiva, and superior eyelid

75
Q

What does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve do on the globe?

A

Sensory to skin of lower eyelid

76
Q

What does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve do on the globe?

A

Motor to muscles of mastication (atrophy results in sunken eye)

77
Q

What is CN6 and what does it do in the globe?

A

Abducens nerve provides motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi

78
Q

What is CN7 and what does it do in the globe?

A

Facial nerve, efferent, and it provides motor to muscles of facial expression: closure to eyelids (orbicularis oculi) IT ALSO carries parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal gland

79
Q

What is CN8 and what does it do with the globe?

A

Vestibular nerve, afferent, it controls extraocular muscle positions so that eyes can remain fixed on an object while the head turns. Causes eye drop

80
Q

What is CN10 and what does it do with the globe?

A

Vagus nerve, efferent arm of the oculocardiac reflex (not really sure what that means but its in here)

81
Q

What is the order of the 3 neuron pathway in sympathetic fibers?

A

First neuron: midbrain to T1-T3
Second neuron: thorax / neck
Third neuron: cranial cervical ganglion to eye

82
Q

What is damage (anywhere) along the sympathetic fibers called?

A

Horner’s syndrome (not painful)

83
Q

What would a lesion of the parasympathetic pupillary fibers cause?

A

Dilated pupils

84
Q

What would a lesion in the parasympathetic lacrimal gland fibers cause and how would it be measured?

A

Decreased tear production and tested with Schirmer tear test

85
Q

What is the palpebral / blink test?

A

Tests CN5 and CN7 by tapping around eye

86
Q

What is the corneal reflex test?

A

Tests CN5, 6, and 7 by touching cotton to cornea, should pull eye and 3rd eyelid back

87
Q

What is the pupil light reflex (PLR)

A

Testing the pupillary reflex, both eyes should contract

88
Q

What is the swinging flashlight test?

A

Shine into one eye then rapidly move over to the other eye, both eyes should remain constricted

89
Q

What is the dazzle reflex?

A

Indicated light perception, not vision. Normal response is squinting, less than 5% of retinal function is required

90
Q

What is the difference between monocular and binocular vision?

A

Binocular: Medial visual field
Monocular: Lateral visual field

91
Q

What is the menace response?

A

Afferent: retina and ON
Efferent: CN7 and muscles of head and neck
Pushing closed fist toward eyeball and look for either an avoidance or blink

92
Q

What is the cotton ball test?

A

Cover 1 eye and drop cotton balls in front of eye and watch for tracking

93
Q

What is the Maze test

A

Set up a maze in dim and bright light and assess navigation through course

94
Q

What is visual placing?

A

You hold an animal up near a surface and check if the animal responds (reaching out to a table)

95
Q

What is the outline of the vision pathway?

A

Optical>Photochemical>Neurologic

96
Q

What is decussation?

A

Crossing of the optical nerves at the chiasm. This is where the monocular vision will cross

97
Q

What are the medial fibers of the optic nerve?

A

Medial fibers are the fibers on the medial side of the eye, they absorb the lateral photons!

98
Q

What is the vision pathway?

A

Retins>optic nerve>chiasm>LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (LGN)>Optical radiations>visual cortex

99
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

LGN is the part of the brain where both the lateral and medial fibers come back together to be spread amongst the brain via optic radiations

100
Q

Where do fibers from the afferent system go to begin efferent response in the cerebrum

A

To the pretectal nucleus

101
Q

Where do the efferent fibers originate within the cerebrum and go from there?

A

The Edinger Westfal nucleus > ciliary ganglion > iris sphincter

102
Q

What is different between the vision and pupillary light reflex (PLR) pathway?

A

They are the same until right before the lateral geniculate nucleus at this point the PLR pathway breaks off and goes to the pretectal nucleus where it DECUSSATES again and synapses on the edinger westphal nucleus

103
Q

What is the efferent arm of the PLR pathway responsible for?

A

Pupillary light reflex

104
Q

How would blindness occur with normal PLR?

A

The PLR pathway leaves the visual pathway slightly before the Lateral geniculate nucleus so a lesion may be present in LGN, optical radiations, or the visual cortex

105
Q

Where do you start with an eye exam?

A

Start from a distance, observe behavior (eyelid position and blinking)

106
Q

What are the next steps after distance approach to an optical exam?

A

Menace response, palpebral reflex, PLR, and dazzle reflex

107
Q

How do you assess the anterior chamber and what are you looking for?

A

With a bright focal light and you are looking for opacity that would allude to proteins in the aqueous humor

108
Q

What is the fundic exam? What is the orientation of the image?

A

Helps to see more of the eye (less magnified)
Be at arms length away in a dim room and at eye level
It will be upside down, backwards, and at a low magnification

109
Q

Which species do the vessels cross over the eye, which does not?

A

Dog: Crosses over
Cat: Does not

110
Q

What are the two main reasons that most animals see better at night?

A

Tapetum
Rod dominant

111
Q

How many rods and cones are responsible for one ganglion?

A

1500 rods
1 cone

112
Q

What are some animals without a tapetum?

A

Camelid, pig, bird, squirrel, primates

113
Q

What are the two major factors of visual acuity?

A

Well-focused image (optical factors) - refractive error caused by improperly focusing image
Makeup of the retina (retinal factors) - high level of rods

114
Q

What are the 4 groups of refractive error?

A

Emmetropia (normal)
Myopia (near-sighted)
Hyperopia (far-sighted)
Astigmatisms (refractive error in specific quadrants)

115
Q

What is refractive error measured in?

A

Diopters

116
Q

What is emmetropia for a dog?

A

about 20/70 (bad vision)

Anatomy (26 decks)

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