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Anatomy > Neuro anatomy > Flashcards

Neuro anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the neuro system?

A

CNS, PNS, and ANS

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2
Q

Were does the germ layer of come from?

A

Embryonic ectoderm

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3
Q

What divides the central neural canal?

A

Sulcus limitans

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4
Q

What is the sensory area of the neural canale?

A

Alar plate

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5
Q

What is the motor area of the neural plate?

A

Basal plate

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6
Q

Is alar plate ventral or dorsal? Basal plate?

A

Alar: dorsal
Basal: ventral

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7
Q

What forms the autonomic ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and adrenal medulla?

A

Neural crest

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8
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencepahlon

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9
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the brain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Meyencephalon

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10
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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11
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

What is hind brain?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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13
Q

What parts are the anatomic brain?

A

Cerebelum and brainstem

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14
Q

What parts are the clinical brain?

A

Forebranin, midbrain, and hindbrain

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15
Q

What anatomical parts does the metencephalon contain?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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16
Q

What anatomical parts does the myelencephalon contain?

A

The medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle?

A

Telencephalon

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18
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

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19
Q

Where is the mesencephalic aquaduct?

A

Mesencephalon

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20
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

Goes through metencephalon and myelincephalon
Metencephalon: foramina of Luschka
Meyelincephalon: foramina of Magendie

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21
Q

In the spinal cord, what does white matter originate from?

A

Marginal layer

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22
Q

In the spinal cord, what does grey matter originate from?

A

Mantle layer

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23
Q

In the spinal cord, what does the ependymal cells originate from?

A

Germinal layer

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24
Q

What is a large bundle of white matter called in the brain stem?

A

Funiculus

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25
Q

What is a small bundle of white matter called in the brain stem?

A

Fascicules

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26
Q

What are the sensory classifications?

A

GSA
SSA
GVA
SVA
GP
SP

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27
Q

What are the motor classifications?

A

GVE
SVE
GSE

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28
Q

What does the S and V mean in the classifications?

A

Somatic = Body structures
Visceral = Organ structures

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29
Q

What structures does the myelencepahlon have (including CN)?

A

Olive, pyramids, trapezoid body, and CN 6-12

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30
Q

What are the boundaries of the myelencephalon?

A

Rostral limit - trapezoid body
Caudal limit - first cervical spinal nerve

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31
Q

What is the trapezoid responsible for?

A

Auditory system

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32
Q

What are the pyramids responsible for?

A

Pyramidal motor system

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33
Q

What is the olive responsible for?

A

extrapyramidal motor system

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34
Q

What are the dorsal anatomical landmarks of the meyencephalon

A

Fasciculus gracilis: proprioception from pelvic
Fasciculus cuneatus: proprioception from thoracic

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35
Q

What is the caudal end of the 4th ventricle and the midpoint of the myelencephalon?

A

Obex

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36
Q

What is the sulcus limitans in the brain stem?

A

Where wall of 4th ventricle meets the floor

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37
Q

What are the boundaries of the metencephalon?

A

The transverse fibers of the pons

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38
Q

What cranial nerves are in the pons (metencephalic)?

A

V

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39
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates motor activity with sensory information

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40
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the metencephalic?

A

Cerebellar puduncles (3 pairs - lateral, dorsal, and medial)

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41
Q

What is the rostral and caudal limits of the mesencephalon?

A

Diencephalon and metencephalon

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42
Q

What is on the ventral surface of the mesencephalic?

A

Crus cerebri - descending pyramidal motor pathway
Interpeduncular fossa - space between left and right crus cerebri

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43
Q

What cranial nerves are in the mesencephalic?

A

III and IV

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44
Q

What is on the dorsal surface of the mesencephalic?

A

Corpora quadrigemina (colliculus)
-Rostral colliculus: Visual reflexes
-Caudal colliculus: Auditory reflexes

45
Q

What is the dorsal part of the mesencephalic?

A

Tectum

46
Q

What is the ventral part of the mesecephalic?

A

Tegmentum

47
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the diencephalon?

A

Thalmus
epithalmus
metathalmus
subthalmus
hypothalmus

48
Q

What are the boundaries of the diencephalon?

A

Optic nerves
Mammillary bodies

49
Q

What is the site of synapse for autonomic and emotions?

A

Mammillary bodies

50
Q

What is the site of attachment for the pituitary gland?

A

Tuber cinereum

51
Q

What cranial nerves are in the diencephalon?

A

II

52
Q

What are where is the regulator of melatonin and circadian rythmn?

A

Pinneal body in epithalmus

53
Q

What is the site of synapse in the auditory pathway?

A

Medial geniculate body - metathalmus

54
Q

What part of the brain has olfactory bulb?

A

Telencephalon

55
Q

What cranial nerves are in the telencephalon?

A

Olfactory

56
Q

What are ridges and grooves of the cerebrum?

A

Gyrus and sulcus

57
Q

What are the sulcus from medial to lateral on dorsal side of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal median sulcus
Intermediate sulcus
Dorsolateral sulcus

58
Q

What is the depression on the ventral side of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral median fissure

59
Q

The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column, what is the site of termination for canine, equine, bovine, and feline?

A

Canine L5
Equine S1-2
Bovine L6
Feline L6

60
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

61
Q

What are the fibers going off the conus medullaris called?

A

Cauda equina (tail of horse)

62
Q

What is an example of a spinal reflex?

A

Leg kick

63
Q

What is an example of a brainstem reflex

A

Blink reflex

64
Q

What is a pathway with only one synapse?

A

Monosynaptic (rare)

65
Q

How are signals sent through multiple spinal cord segments?

A

Interconnections via the interneuron

66
Q

What is the purpose of the skin twitch test?

A

Can move along vertebrae and perform test, once area is reached without twitch, can confidently say there is a lesion around that vertebrae

67
Q

What is the difference between conscious proprioception and subconscious proprioception?

A

Conscious: At rest
Subconscious: Moving

68
Q

Describe fascicules gracilis pathway

A

Pelvic limb (DOG PAW FLIP ONE)
1st neuron: Dorsal root ganglion and ascends fascicules gracilis ipsilaterally
2nd neuron: Nucleus gracilis, ascends contralateral
3rd neuron: Ventral caudal lateral nucleus (VCL) of the thalamus and goes to sensory cortex

69
Q

Describe dorsal spinocerebral tract

A

1st neuron - dorsal root ganglion
2nd neuron - Clark’s neuron and ascend ipsilateral and enter through caudal cerebellar peduncles, and end is cerebellum

70
Q

Describe ventral spinocerebral tract

A

1st neuron - dorsal root ganglion
2nd neuron - immediately crosses contralaterally then enters rostral cerebellar peduncle and crosses contralaterally again

71
Q

What is the clinical conscious deficit?

A

Knuckling

72
Q

What is the clinical unconscious deficit?

A

Wide stance, wobbly, limbs swing out while moving

73
Q

Describe the fasciculus cuneatus pathway

A

1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia and ascends ipsilaterally
2nd neuron - medial cuneate nucleus and crosses contralateral
3rd neuron - ventral caudal lateral nucleus and ascends to sensory cortex

74
Q

Describe the cuneocerebellar tract

A

1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia and ascends ipsilateral
2nd neuron - lateral cuneate nucleus and enters cerebellar caudal peduncle

75
Q

Describe the rostral spinocerebellar tract

A

1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia
2nd neuron - dorsal grey column and ascends ipsilateral and enters caudal AND rostral peduncle

76
Q

Describe the spinal reflex arc

A

Monosynaptic or polysynaptic
Stimuli in, stimuli out

77
Q

Describe the spinothalamic tract

A

Relay of nociception
1st neuron: dorsal root ganglia
2nd neuron: dorsal grey horn
axons cross contralateral
3rd neuron: within ventral caudal lateral nucleus then to sensory cortex

78
Q

Describe the cranial reflex arc

A

Reflex of nociception in the head
1st neuron: trigeminal ganglion
2nd neuron: EITHER pontine sensory nucleus (mechanical) OR spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (thermo)
3rd neuron: Motor neuron of appropriate cranial nerve

79
Q

Describe the quintothalamic tract

A

Relay of nociception to higher centers
1st neuron: trigeminal ganglion
2nd neuron: EITHER pontine sensory nucleus (mechanical) OR spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (thermal)
ALSO they go immediately contralateral
3rd neuron: Go to the ventral caudal lateral nucleus and then to sensory cortex

80
Q

What are Lower motor neurons?

A

Neurons that make muscles contract

81
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

Neurons that regulate lower motor neurons
Contained within CNS

82
Q

What is the cortical motor system?

A

Pyramidal motor system
Highly skilled motor activity

83
Q

What is the non-cortical motor system?

A

Extrapyramidal motor system
Stereotype of subconscious motor activity

84
Q

What are the white matter structures of the upper motor system?

A

Corona radiata
Internal capsule
Crus cerebri
Longitudinal fibers of the pons
Pyramids
Axons

85
Q

What are the tracts of the pyramidal system?

A

Corticonuclear system: cranial nerves 3-7 and 9-12 from pyrimidal to brainstem
Corticospinal system: from pyrimidal to spinal cord
>Lateral tract corticospinal: 75% will cross at pyramidal decussation
>Ventral corticospinal: 25% do not cross

86
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in the pyramidal motor system?

A

Smooth, coordinated functions

87
Q

What way does the cerebellum send the smooth, coordinated functions (long word)

A

Coricopontocerebellar: Pyrimidal motor cortex to pontine nucleus for synapse at the pons. Then pass contralateral through peduncles into cerebellum

88
Q

What is the area within the telencephalon with a large quantity of extrapyramidal motor nuclei?

A

Corpus striatum

89
Q

What are the components of the lentiform nucleus? (gray matter)

A

Putamen nucleus
Pallidum nucleus

90
Q

What is the most important extrapyramidal center in animals?

A

Rubrospinal tract (in later funiculus of the spinal cord)

91
Q

What facilitates extensor muscles of the extrapyramidal system in the metencephalon

A

Pontine reticulospinal tract

92
Q

What inhibits extensor muscles of the extrapyramidal system in the meyelencephalon?

A

Medullary reticulospinal tract

93
Q

What are the 3 tracts that output the extrapyramidal signals (and their location) ***

A

Rubrospinal tract: Mesencephalic
Pontine reticulospinal: Metencephalic
Medullary reticulospinal: Myelencyphalic

94
Q

What are the GSE neurons to extrafusal fibers?

A

Regular skeletal muscle fiber - alpha motor neurons

95
Q

What are the GSE neurons to intrafusal fibers?

A

Modified skeletal muscle fiber - Gamma motor neurons

96
Q

What are the 3 classification groups for cranial LMN neurons?

A

GSE - voluntary skeletal muscle
SVE - skeletal muscle of branchial arch origin
GVE - cardiac, glands, smooth muscle

97
Q

Classification of cranial nerves! SSMMBMBSBBMM

A

Six sexy mommy milkers brought me boobs sex butts by milking me

98
Q

What are the 4 GSE cranial nerves and nucleus location?

A

III - rostral colliculus
IV - caudal colliculus
VI - caudal cerebellar peduncle
XII - obex

99
Q

In GSE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?

A

Extraocular muscles and lingual muscles

100
Q

In SVE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?

A

skeletal muscle of branchial arch

101
Q

In GVE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?

A

Visceral motor system, autonomic motor system

102
Q

What are the cranial nerves of SVE plus their origin?

A

V - rostral cerebellar peduncle
VII - between trapezoid and olive
IX - nucleus ambiguus
X
XI

103
Q

Important!!
GVE cranial nerve nuclei and their nerves form the ________

A

Autonomic nervous system

104
Q

What are the generalized targets for parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue

105
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

To respond to external stimuli

106
Q

What controls the autonomic nervous system?

A

Rostral hypothalamus - parasympathetic
Caudal hypothalamus - sympathetic

107
Q

How many neurons are used in the autonomic nervous system compared to the somatic nervous system?

A

2 fibers to targe vs 1 fiber to target

108
Q

IMPORTANT!!
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers are
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are

A

short
long
long
short

109
Q

What are parasympathetic nuclei of cranial nerves?

A

III - edinger westfal
VII - lacrimal and rostral salivatory
IX - Caudal salivatory
X - dorsal vagal nucleus

Anatomy (26 decks)

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