Final Exam Flashcards
What does excessive mineralcorticoid cause?
Hypokalemia
What is the physiological dose of adrenal gland thing?
Basal
What is the cortisol to pred conversion?
2
Why can you use steroids as anti inflammatorys?
Decrease WBC migration and IL-1
Which is not a lab finding for DIC?
Decreased FDP and D Dimers
What is a PIMA lab finding?
Rubrifagia
What affects thiamine deficiency?
Cysteine and methionine
What is created during gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Proprionate
What is the most important nutrient for weight loss?
High protein
What regulated Ca and P?
Vitamin D
What is the highest immunoglobulin in animal colostrum?
IgG
What is acid is essential in dogs and cats?
Linoleic acid
What is the purpose of revaccination?
Duration of immunity
What does passive immunity do?
Eliminates the lag phase
Where is starch digested in ruminant?
Rumen
What is the highest component in rumeniant feeds?
Carbs
What would not cause diarrhea?
High fiber
Which diet is least appropriate for otherwise healthy obese dog/
W/d diet
What type of vaccine is giving a puppy a kitten parvo vaccine?
Heterologous
What is histamine produced by?
Mast cells
Which vaccine will not induce clinical disease?
Killed vaccine
Which cell has phagocytic function?
Neutrophils
What recognizes specific antigen?
B cells
What recognizes MHC1?
CD8
What type of receptor does a helper T cell have?
CD4
What are you deficient in with grass tetany?
Magnesium
What do you give for arthritis?
Omega 3
What company tests amount of product against the label?
Consumerlab
When is it appropriate to feed a home cooked diet?
Ok for some pets
What is muscle loss associated with age?
Sarcopenia
How long do you feed large breed dogs growth food?
Until skeletal maturity
What animal gets anemia the easiest?
Piglets
How do you prevent enterotoxemia?
Vaccinate
Who does a pregnant animal have its highest nutritional demand?
3rd trimester
Cat with fever and anorexia?
TNF alpha
What do you do with a pet thats had a vaccine reaction?
Reconsider vaccinating
Who publishes vaccine guidelines?
AAHA
What is not a function of saliva?
Fat digestion
Which of the components of the female repro track derives from the paramesonephric duct?
Uterus
What is the dorsal opening from teh uterus to the vagina?
Internal uterine orifice
Exocytosis of the cortical granules into the perivitelng space following secondary binding of the sperm with the ooplasm is important because:
It causes hardening of the ZP and blocks polyspermy
What is patent urachus?
Median ligament of the bladder doesn’t close
What is the dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet?
Promontory of the sacrum
What is the cranial landmark slope of the pelvis?
Tuber coxae
Where does the foal pass thru into the cervical?
Internal uterine orifice
What are the follicles shown on histo?
Primordial follicles
What does the arrow point to on micro villa of brush border?
Proximal tubule
What does the embryo embed into placenta on histo?
A (top purple part)
Where are Sertoli cells located?
Seminiferous tubules
Where is the most immature cell located?
Outer part of the semi tubules on histo
Which is a haploid (1n)
Spermatid
Midpiece on sperm diagram
Lactiferous sinus = gland sinus is in the body
What surrounds the horse urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
What does a boar not have?
Ampulla
How many sex glands does a bull have?
All 4
What species has a bicornuate uterus with short body and long horns?
Canine
Which species has CL responsible for p4 secretion throughout ENTIRE pregnancy?
Caprine
What species has a corkscrew penis?
Pigs
What muscle is actively relaxed during storage?
Detruser muscle
What is not reliable on dipstick?
Nitrite
What gives info on renal function?
Specific gravity
What should you do if there are crystals seen in refrigerated sample?
Collect fresh sample
What is the MR in the sow?
(Know) Estradiol
What is the MR in the cow?
Interferon tau
What is the MR in horse?
Unknown, embryo migrates around uterus
Do you insert embryo in ipsilateral horn to CL a cow?
TRUE
How should you impregnate a performance mare and champion stallion?
Embryo transfer
Copulation in queen=?
LH
What are the hormones stimulated by secretion of GnRH?
LH and FSH
What are locates that can be fertilized?
Secondary
Which follicle has a fully formed antrum?
Tertiary follicles
Is creatinine levels influenced by muscle mass?
TRUE
True statement about nephrons = secrete and reabsorption in tubules
Drug secreted by tubules will have clearance > true GFR
What will happed with Digoxin in dogs?
Digoxin will rise to potentially toxic levels if dog has heart and kidney failure
How old is a kitten with eyes closed, ears folded?
Newborn
How often should you feed a newborn kitten?
Every 2 hours
What type of placentas do horses have?
Diffuse
What type of placentas do canines have?
Zonary and endotheliochoria
What is the position of the calf in the picture?
Dorsosacral
What muscle is not part of the spermatic cord?
Cremaster muscle
9 year old castrated male German shepard diagnosis?
Zinc toxicity
2 year old quarterhorse for pre purchase examine?
Epinephrine response
Cause of increased MCHC due to zinc toxicity in German Shepard?
Intravascular hemolysis`
7 year old female spayed cocker spaniel diagnosis?
IMHA
15 year old castrated male cat diagnosis?
Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation) and stress leukogram
What is an indication for sampling BM?
Non circulating leukemia
What do polychromatophils do?
Stain more blue
What does LQM mean?
Pre, analytical, and post
Which test is done at a clinical lab?
Coagulation panel
What do reticulocytes have more of?
Ribosomes and RNA
What is not part of a CBC?
Total protein by chemistry analyzer
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Serum is RTT and plasma is LTT
What is the test to assess secondary hemostasis?
PT
Which tube is used for a coag test?
Sodium citrate blue top
What does hemophilia a show up as?
Factor VII, severe bleeding, prolonged aPTT, and normal PT
What is the hypercoagulability test?
Thromboelastography
What is the cause of ITP?
Platelet diestruction
What is the test of von Willebrand disease
BMBT
What is the M:E ratio?
Ratio of myeloid to erythroid in BM
What does dehydration cause?
Increased PCV and TP
Erythroid hypoplasia (answer to something)
What is the best stain for new methylene blue
Heinz bodies and reticulocytes
What do you use to identify regenerative anemia in horses?
Serial MCV
What is the variation in RBC size numerical value?
RDW
What is normal for lymphocytes in cattle?
Large size
What does oxidative damage cause?
Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes
What is the other organ involved in hematopoiesis?
Spleen
What happens to bilirubin?
Conjugated by macrophages in the spleen
What is the number for spontaneous bleeding?
25
Dog with diarrhea?
GI parasites
What is indicative of regenerative anemia?
Hemolysis
What do you see which regenerative anemia?
Increased reticulocytes, increased MCV, decreased MCHC
Erhlichiosis is the answer to something
What is the tube for CBC>
Lavender top tube
Where does slide go?
On stage
What is used for Koehler illumination?
Condenser knob
Myelosuppression from estrogen =?
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
How to confirm thrombocytopenia?
Blood smear
CKD with congenital anemia and low platelet?
MPV
What is the correct AAFCO label?
The one that says “light”
Which is not the AAFCO label?
The one with the adult cat
During of oogenesis, the locate undergo two meiotic arrests. What causes the resumption of meiosis in each arrest, respectively?
LH surge, fertilization
Which stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by follicular development?
Proestrus
The ovarian structure that forms immediately after ovulation is known as a
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Which of the following components of the female reproductive tract derived from the paramesonephric duct?
Uterus
Which of the following is NOT important for continence?
Position of the kidneys
What nerve is in the dorsal part of sacrosciatic ligament?
Caudal gluteal
What will a nerve block in the transverse process of L2 block?
L1
What is the correctly labeled thing on teh glomeruli diagram?
Podocytes
What is true about the JG apparatus?
JG cells secrete renin in response to macula densa
What did the ductus deferents and epididymis originate from?
Mesonephric duct
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm storage
What is responsible for male external genitalia?
SRY
What differentiates morula and an early blastocyte?
Presence of blastocoele
What is the earliest stage?
Zygote
What do ovine caruncles look like?
Rounded, cup-like
What is not prat of the Lochia?
Fetal membranes
What is not part of the female breeding soundness exam?
Ovarian biopsy
What are the two uterine arteries?
Ovarian and vaginal
What is the sympathetic nerve of the pelvic plexus?
Hypogastric
What containers the testicular artery, nerve, lymph
Mesorchium
What attaches ovary to uterine horn?
Proper ligament of ovary
Increased fetal cortisol decreases progesterone which increases estradiol and prostaglandin
Longest period to complete involution?
Canine
What is hymen between?
Vagina and vestibule
What nerve is responsible for employing bladder?
Pelvic nerve
What separates areas of the udder?
Medial laminae
What drains kidney poles in horse?
Terminal recess
What has minor calyx?
Bulls
Which species has an ovulation fossa?
Horses
HCO3 secreted by intercalated type B cells
Increase urine phosphorus after eating high phosphorus diet because kidney will excrete excess
What is the significance of the sub urethra diverticulum?
Catheter tip gets stuck
What happens before the LH surge?
Estradiol
Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tube
More follicles for ovulation than will actually ovulate
What is free martinis caused by?
Mixing male and female blood
What do you cut through during castration?
Cut thru parietal vaginal tunic
Simple squamous epithelium of thin loop of Henle
What lymph node drains testis?
Medial iliac
What is the trigone?
Ureters
What is between bladder and uterus?
Vesicogenital pouch
What is orientation of cow testis?
Vertical
Mr Clampett goat worm?
Normal urethral process
Blood enters glomerulus via afferent arteriole (T/F)?
True
How is B12 absorbed?
In the ileum, bound to IF from pancreas
Where is gherlin released and what is its target?
Stomach
Hypothalamus
What increases LES tone?
Cisapride
What is a cat’s esophagus like?
Skeletal prox 2/3 and smooth distal 1/3
Where is the gallbladder located?
Right medial lobe and quadrate lobe
What is distinguishing feature of duodenum?
Brunners glands
Where are crypts on histo?
At bottom
What is the histo of the ruminant?
Omasum
What do serous cells secrete?
Digestive enzymes
Why are horses at risk of stomach ulcers?
Horses secrete acid continuously
What groove secrete ventral and dorsal sacs?
Longitudinal
What is the cranial border of equine paralumbar fossa?
Rib 18
Which rad shows left lateral?
A
What is descending duodenum from?
Foregut and midgut
Where does ruminant GI change directions?
At central flexor
Where does large intestine narrow?
Pelvic flexor
What is the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
What is the parasympathetic innervate on to foregut and midget?
Vagus nerve
What is part of fat metabolism?
Cholesterol synthesis
What are 3 phases of swallowing?
Oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastroesophageal
What surrounds and covers deep inguinal ring?
Vaginal ring
Why can’t horses vomit?
Angle to cardia + thick muscle
Brush border enzyme in horse?
Lactase
What is the liver specific enzyme in horses?
SDH
When should you recheck dog BW?
1-2 weeks
Hemolysis = unconjugated bilirubin makes up large fraction
What do you see after a high protein meal?
Increased ammonia and decreased urea
What is not responsible for prolonged clotting time?
Blood loss
Dog seizure bloodwork?
Increased CK = muscle injury
Which are not a gut microbe?
Plasmid
What is the micro biome?
Microbes in/on host
Dogs and cats have distinct microbial communities at different placed in the body
Lots of widespread clinical signs of liver disease
What is vitamin K required for?
Clotting factors
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are leaky
What stimulates uremia?
CRTZ
Difference between vomit and regurgitation?
Abdominal retching
Gastric -> Endocrine
What are the pre-epithelial defenses?
Mucus and bicarb
What’s the outermost layer shown on histo?
Serosa
Where is the epiploic foramen?
Right side
Cranial vena cava = dorsal
Portal v = ventral
Where is root of mesentary?
L2
Where is cat cecum palpable?
L4
What is anatomically modified in horses, swine, and bovine?
Ascending colon
What is ileum to ascending colon in dog?
Ileocolic orifice
What is ileum to ascending in horse?
Ileocecal orifice
What’s not true about bile salts?
Enhance p450 function
What is the flat histo pic?
Large intestine
What is the largest part in GI in bovine neonate? Adult?
Abomasum
Rumen
Where is stomach located?
Left 9-15 high
What grinds food in birds?
Ventriculus
What is the function of proventriculus?
Starts digestion
What is the avian cloaca?
Junction of GI and urinary tract
What is the dorsal border of epiploic foramen?
Caudal Vena cava
What can be fully exteriorized in dog celiotomy?
Spleen
What is first thing seen at equine ventral midline incision?
Cecum
Where is a ventral midline incision made?
Linea alba
What is the vascular supply to the foregut?
Celiac
What is teh fixed part of stomach that secrete mucus?
Cardia
Which species has a fully glandular stomach
Cat
What is the surgical significance of the ileocecal fold?
Terminal part of ileum
Where does bile flow?
Away from central vein
What feeds lesser curvature of stomach?
Right and left gastric
What is ruminant energy from?
VFAs
30-50% of energy comes from microbes in hind gut of horse
Histo arrow points toward sinusoids
If middle colic is cut, what supplies colon?
Right and left colic artery
What supplies the portal vein?
Gastroduodenal, splenic, cranial and caudal mesenteric
What zone is susceptible to ischemic injury?
Zone 3
What cells do not secrete bicarb?
Acinar cells
What do zymogen granules contain?
Enzymes and pro enzymes
What is teh histo arrow to purple cells?
Chief cells, pepsinogen
What does not increase gastric acid secretion?
Somatostatin
What causes hypersalivation?
Parasympathetic stimulus
How to induce vomiting in dogs?
D2 receptors in CRTZ
What decreases GI motility?
Opioids
Enteric NS = myenteric plexus controls motility, submucosal controls secretion
Where does the glandular stomach meet the non glandular stomach?
Margo plicatus
What is not a function of the exocrine pancreas?
Insulin and glucagon
What is the purpose of the rumen?
Stratified squamous epithelium in rumen and microbe fermentation
How is the LVC distinguished from the LDC?
LDC is smooth, LVC sacs and bands
What will not increase insulin?
Decrease amino acids
Foregut fermentation does not increase bioavailability of pharmaceuticals
Gastrosplenic ligament
What do not store metals?
Stellate cells
What is the function of hepatomata’s?
Metabolism and biotransformation
