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Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What does excessive mineralcorticoid cause?

A

Hypokalemia

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2
Q

What is the physiological dose of adrenal gland thing?

A

Basal

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3
Q

What is the cortisol to pred conversion?

A

2

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4
Q

Why can you use steroids as anti inflammatorys?

A

Decrease WBC migration and IL-1

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5
Q

Which is not a lab finding for DIC?

A

Decreased FDP and D Dimers

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6
Q

What is a PIMA lab finding?

A

Rubrifagia

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7
Q

What affects thiamine deficiency?

A

Cysteine and methionine

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8
Q

What is created during gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A

Proprionate

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9
Q

What is the most important nutrient for weight loss?

A

High protein

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10
Q

What regulated Ca and P?

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

What is the highest immunoglobulin in animal colostrum?

A

IgG

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12
Q

What is acid is essential in dogs and cats?

A

Linoleic acid

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13
Q

What is the purpose of revaccination?

A

Duration of immunity

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14
Q

What does passive immunity do?

A

Eliminates the lag phase

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15
Q

Where is starch digested in ruminant?

A

Rumen

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16
Q

What is the highest component in rumeniant feeds?

A

Carbs

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17
Q

What would not cause diarrhea?

A

High fiber

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18
Q

Which diet is least appropriate for otherwise healthy obese dog/

A

W/d diet

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19
Q

What type of vaccine is giving a puppy a kitten parvo vaccine?

A

Heterologous

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20
Q

What is histamine produced by?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

Which vaccine will not induce clinical disease?

A

Killed vaccine

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22
Q

Which cell has phagocytic function?

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

What recognizes specific antigen?

A

B cells

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24
Q

What recognizes MHC1?

A

CD8

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25
Q

What type of receptor does a helper T cell have?

A

CD4

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26
Q

What are you deficient in with grass tetany?

A

Magnesium

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27
Q

What do you give for arthritis?

A

Omega 3

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28
Q

What company tests amount of product against the label?

A

Consumerlab

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29
Q

When is it appropriate to feed a home cooked diet?

A

Ok for some pets

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30
Q

What is muscle loss associated with age?

A

Sarcopenia

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31
Q

How long do you feed large breed dogs growth food?

A

Until skeletal maturity

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32
Q

What animal gets anemia the easiest?

A

Piglets

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33
Q

How do you prevent enterotoxemia?

A

Vaccinate

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34
Q

Who does a pregnant animal have its highest nutritional demand?

A

3rd trimester

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35
Q

Cat with fever and anorexia?

A

TNF alpha

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36
Q

What do you do with a pet thats had a vaccine reaction?

A

Reconsider vaccinating

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37
Q

Who publishes vaccine guidelines?

A

AAHA

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38
Q

What is not a function of saliva?

A

Fat digestion

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39
Q

Which of the components of the female repro track derives from the paramesonephric duct?

A

Uterus

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40
Q

What is the dorsal opening from teh uterus to the vagina?

A

Internal uterine orifice

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41
Q

Exocytosis of the cortical granules into the perivitelng space following secondary binding of the sperm with the ooplasm is important because:

A

It causes hardening of the ZP and blocks polyspermy

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42
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

Median ligament of the bladder doesn’t close

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43
Q

What is the dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet?

A

Promontory of the sacrum

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44
Q

What is the cranial landmark slope of the pelvis?

A

Tuber coxae

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45
Q

Where does the foal pass thru into the cervical?

A

Internal uterine orifice

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46
Q

What are the follicles shown on histo?

A

Primordial follicles

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47
Q

What does the arrow point to on micro villa of brush border?

A

Proximal tubule

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48
Q

What does the embryo embed into placenta on histo?

A

A (top purple part)

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49
Q

Where are Sertoli cells located?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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50
Q

Where is the most immature cell located?

A

Outer part of the semi tubules on histo

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51
Q

Which is a haploid (1n)

A

Spermatid

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52
Q

Midpiece on sperm diagram

A
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53
Q

Lactiferous sinus = gland sinus is in the body

A
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54
Q

What surrounds the horse urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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55
Q

What does a boar not have?

A

Ampulla

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56
Q

How many sex glands does a bull have?

A

All 4

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57
Q

What species has a bicornuate uterus with short body and long horns?

A

Canine

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58
Q

Which species has CL responsible for p4 secretion throughout ENTIRE pregnancy?

A

Caprine

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59
Q

What species has a corkscrew penis?

A

Pigs

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60
Q

What muscle is actively relaxed during storage?

A

Detruser muscle

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61
Q

What is not reliable on dipstick?

A

Nitrite

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62
Q

What gives info on renal function?

A

Specific gravity

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63
Q

What should you do if there are crystals seen in refrigerated sample?

A

Collect fresh sample

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64
Q

What is the MR in the sow?

A

(Know) Estradiol

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65
Q

What is the MR in the cow?

A

Interferon tau

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66
Q

What is the MR in horse?

A

Unknown, embryo migrates around uterus

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67
Q

Do you insert embryo in ipsilateral horn to CL a cow?

A

TRUE

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68
Q

How should you impregnate a performance mare and champion stallion?

A

Embryo transfer

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69
Q

Copulation in queen=?

A

LH

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70
Q

What are the hormones stimulated by secretion of GnRH?

A

LH and FSH

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71
Q

What are locates that can be fertilized?

A

Secondary

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72
Q

Which follicle has a fully formed antrum?

A

Tertiary follicles

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73
Q

Is creatinine levels influenced by muscle mass?

A

TRUE

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74
Q

True statement about nephrons = secrete and reabsorption in tubules

A
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75
Q

Drug secreted by tubules will have clearance > true GFR

A
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76
Q

What will happed with Digoxin in dogs?

A

Digoxin will rise to potentially toxic levels if dog has heart and kidney failure

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77
Q

How old is a kitten with eyes closed, ears folded?

A

Newborn

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78
Q

How often should you feed a newborn kitten?

A

Every 2 hours

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79
Q

What type of placentas do horses have?

A

Diffuse

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80
Q

What type of placentas do canines have?

A

Zonary and endotheliochoria

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81
Q

What is the position of the calf in the picture?

A

Dorsosacral

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82
Q

What muscle is not part of the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle

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83
Q

9 year old castrated male German shepard diagnosis?

A

Zinc toxicity

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84
Q

2 year old quarterhorse for pre purchase examine?

A

Epinephrine response

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85
Q

Cause of increased MCHC due to zinc toxicity in German Shepard?

A

Intravascular hemolysis`

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86
Q

7 year old female spayed cocker spaniel diagnosis?

A

IMHA

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87
Q

15 year old castrated male cat diagnosis?

A

Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation) and stress leukogram

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88
Q

What is an indication for sampling BM?

A

Non circulating leukemia

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89
Q

What do polychromatophils do?

A

Stain more blue

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90
Q

What does LQM mean?

A

Pre, analytical, and post

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91
Q

Which test is done at a clinical lab?

A

Coagulation panel

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92
Q

What do reticulocytes have more of?

A

Ribosomes and RNA

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93
Q

What is not part of a CBC?

A

Total protein by chemistry analyzer

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94
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is RTT and plasma is LTT

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95
Q

What is the test to assess secondary hemostasis?

A

PT

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96
Q

Which tube is used for a coag test?

A

Sodium citrate blue top

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97
Q

What does hemophilia a show up as?

A

Factor VII, severe bleeding, prolonged aPTT, and normal PT

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98
Q

What is the hypercoagulability test?

A

Thromboelastography

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99
Q

What is the cause of ITP?

A

Platelet diestruction

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100
Q

What is the test of von Willebrand disease

A

BMBT

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101
Q

What is the M:E ratio?

A

Ratio of myeloid to erythroid in BM

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102
Q

What does dehydration cause?

A

Increased PCV and TP

103
Q

Erythroid hypoplasia (answer to something)

A
104
Q

What is the best stain for new methylene blue

A

Heinz bodies and reticulocytes

105
Q

What do you use to identify regenerative anemia in horses?

A

Serial MCV

106
Q

What is the variation in RBC size numerical value?

A

RDW

107
Q

What is normal for lymphocytes in cattle?

A

Large size

108
Q

What does oxidative damage cause?

A

Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes

109
Q

What is the other organ involved in hematopoiesis?

A

Spleen

110
Q

What happens to bilirubin?

A

Conjugated by macrophages in the spleen

111
Q

What is the number for spontaneous bleeding?

A

25

112
Q

Dog with diarrhea?

A

GI parasites

113
Q

What is indicative of regenerative anemia?

A

Hemolysis

114
Q

What do you see which regenerative anemia?

A

Increased reticulocytes, increased MCV, decreased MCHC

115
Q

Erhlichiosis is the answer to something

A
116
Q

What is the tube for CBC>

A

Lavender top tube

117
Q

Where does slide go?

A

On stage

118
Q

What is used for Koehler illumination?

A

Condenser knob

119
Q

Myelosuppression from estrogen =?

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

120
Q

How to confirm thrombocytopenia?

A

Blood smear

121
Q

CKD with congenital anemia and low platelet?

A

MPV

122
Q

What is the correct AAFCO label?

A

The one that says “light”

123
Q

Which is not the AAFCO label?

A

The one with the adult cat

124
Q

During of oogenesis, the locate undergo two meiotic arrests. What causes the resumption of meiosis in each arrest, respectively?

A

LH surge, fertilization

125
Q

Which stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by follicular development?

A

Proestrus

126
Q

The ovarian structure that forms immediately after ovulation is known as a

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

127
Q

Which of the following components of the female reproductive tract derived from the paramesonephric duct?

A

Uterus

128
Q

Which of the following is NOT important for continence?

A

Position of the kidneys

129
Q

What nerve is in the dorsal part of sacrosciatic ligament?

A

Caudal gluteal

130
Q

What will a nerve block in the transverse process of L2 block?

A

L1

131
Q

What is the correctly labeled thing on teh glomeruli diagram?

A

Podocytes

132
Q

What is true about the JG apparatus?

A

JG cells secrete renin in response to macula densa

133
Q

What did the ductus deferents and epididymis originate from?

A

Mesonephric duct

134
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm storage

135
Q

What is responsible for male external genitalia?

A

SRY

136
Q

What differentiates morula and an early blastocyte?

A

Presence of blastocoele

137
Q

What is the earliest stage?

A

Zygote

138
Q

What do ovine caruncles look like?

A

Rounded, cup-like

139
Q

What is not prat of the Lochia?

A

Fetal membranes

140
Q

What is not part of the female breeding soundness exam?

A

Ovarian biopsy

141
Q

What are the two uterine arteries?

A

Ovarian and vaginal

142
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve of the pelvic plexus?

A

Hypogastric

143
Q

What containers the testicular artery, nerve, lymph

A

Mesorchium

144
Q

What attaches ovary to uterine horn?

A

Proper ligament of ovary

145
Q

Increased fetal cortisol decreases progesterone which increases estradiol and prostaglandin

A
146
Q

Longest period to complete involution?

A

Canine

147
Q

What is hymen between?

A

Vagina and vestibule

148
Q

What nerve is responsible for employing bladder?

A

Pelvic nerve

149
Q

What separates areas of the udder?

A

Medial laminae

150
Q

What drains kidney poles in horse?

A

Terminal recess

151
Q

What has minor calyx?

A

Bulls

152
Q

Which species has an ovulation fossa?

A

Horses

153
Q

HCO3 secreted by intercalated type B cells

A
154
Q

Increase urine phosphorus after eating high phosphorus diet because kidney will excrete excess

A
155
Q

What is the significance of the sub urethra diverticulum?

A

Catheter tip gets stuck

156
Q

What happens before the LH surge?

A

Estradiol

157
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine tube

158
Q

More follicles for ovulation than will actually ovulate

A
159
Q

What is free martinis caused by?

A

Mixing male and female blood

160
Q

What do you cut through during castration?

A

Cut thru parietal vaginal tunic

161
Q

Simple squamous epithelium of thin loop of Henle

A
162
Q

What lymph node drains testis?

A

Medial iliac

163
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Ureters

164
Q

What is between bladder and uterus?

A

Vesicogenital pouch

165
Q

What is orientation of cow testis?

A

Vertical

166
Q

Mr Clampett goat worm?

A

Normal urethral process

167
Q

Blood enters glomerulus via afferent arteriole (T/F)?

A

True

168
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

In the ileum, bound to IF from pancreas

169
Q

Where is gherlin released and what is its target?

A

Stomach
Hypothalamus

170
Q

What increases LES tone?

A

Cisapride

171
Q

What is a cat’s esophagus like?

A

Skeletal prox 2/3 and smooth distal 1/3

172
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

Right medial lobe and quadrate lobe

173
Q

What is distinguishing feature of duodenum?

A

Brunners glands

174
Q

Where are crypts on histo?

A

At bottom

175
Q

What is the histo of the ruminant?

A

Omasum

176
Q

What do serous cells secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

177
Q

Why are horses at risk of stomach ulcers?

A

Horses secrete acid continuously

178
Q

What groove secrete ventral and dorsal sacs?

A

Longitudinal

179
Q

What is the cranial border of equine paralumbar fossa?

A

Rib 18

180
Q

Which rad shows left lateral?

A

A

181
Q

What is descending duodenum from?

A

Foregut and midgut

182
Q

Where does ruminant GI change directions?

A

At central flexor

183
Q

Where does large intestine narrow?

A

Pelvic flexor

184
Q

What is the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1

185
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervate on to foregut and midget?

A

Vagus nerve

186
Q

What is part of fat metabolism?

A

Cholesterol synthesis

187
Q

What are 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastroesophageal

188
Q

What surrounds and covers deep inguinal ring?

A

Vaginal ring

189
Q

Why can’t horses vomit?

A

Angle to cardia + thick muscle

190
Q

Brush border enzyme in horse?

A

Lactase

191
Q

What is the liver specific enzyme in horses?

A

SDH

192
Q

When should you recheck dog BW?

A

1-2 weeks

193
Q

Hemolysis = unconjugated bilirubin makes up large fraction

A
194
Q

What do you see after a high protein meal?

A

Increased ammonia and decreased urea

195
Q

What is not responsible for prolonged clotting time?

A

Blood loss

196
Q

Dog seizure bloodwork?

A

Increased CK = muscle injury

197
Q

Which are not a gut microbe?

A

Plasmid

198
Q

What is the micro biome?

A

Microbes in/on host

199
Q

Dogs and cats have distinct microbial communities at different placed in the body

A
200
Q

Lots of widespread clinical signs of liver disease

A
201
Q

What is vitamin K required for?

A

Clotting factors

202
Q

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are leaky

A
203
Q

What stimulates uremia?

A

CRTZ

204
Q

Difference between vomit and regurgitation?

A

Abdominal retching

205
Q

Gastric -> Endocrine

A
206
Q

What are the pre-epithelial defenses?

A

Mucus and bicarb

207
Q

What’s the outermost layer shown on histo?

A

Serosa

208
Q

Where is the epiploic foramen?

A

Right side
Cranial vena cava = dorsal
Portal v = ventral

209
Q

Where is root of mesentary?

A

L2

210
Q

Where is cat cecum palpable?

A

L4

211
Q

What is anatomically modified in horses, swine, and bovine?

A

Ascending colon

212
Q

What is ileum to ascending colon in dog?

A

Ileocolic orifice

213
Q

What is ileum to ascending in horse?

A

Ileocecal orifice

214
Q

What’s not true about bile salts?

A

Enhance p450 function

215
Q

What is the flat histo pic?

A

Large intestine

216
Q

What is the largest part in GI in bovine neonate? Adult?

A

Abomasum
Rumen

217
Q

Where is stomach located?

A

Left 9-15 high

218
Q

What grinds food in birds?

A

Ventriculus

219
Q

What is the function of proventriculus?

A

Starts digestion

220
Q

What is the avian cloaca?

A

Junction of GI and urinary tract

221
Q

What is the dorsal border of epiploic foramen?

A

Caudal Vena cava

222
Q

What can be fully exteriorized in dog celiotomy?

A

Spleen

223
Q

What is first thing seen at equine ventral midline incision?

A

Cecum

224
Q

Where is a ventral midline incision made?

A

Linea alba

225
Q

What is the vascular supply to the foregut?

A

Celiac

226
Q

What is teh fixed part of stomach that secrete mucus?

A

Cardia

227
Q

Which species has a fully glandular stomach

A

Cat

228
Q

What is the surgical significance of the ileocecal fold?

A

Terminal part of ileum

229
Q

Where does bile flow?

A

Away from central vein

230
Q

What feeds lesser curvature of stomach?

A

Right and left gastric

231
Q

What is ruminant energy from?

A

VFAs

232
Q

30-50% of energy comes from microbes in hind gut of horse

A
233
Q

Histo arrow points toward sinusoids

A
234
Q

If middle colic is cut, what supplies colon?

A

Right and left colic artery

235
Q

What supplies the portal vein?

A

Gastroduodenal, splenic, cranial and caudal mesenteric

236
Q

What zone is susceptible to ischemic injury?

A

Zone 3

237
Q

What cells do not secrete bicarb?

A

Acinar cells

238
Q

What do zymogen granules contain?

A

Enzymes and pro enzymes

239
Q

What is teh histo arrow to purple cells?

A

Chief cells, pepsinogen

240
Q

What does not increase gastric acid secretion?

A

Somatostatin

241
Q

What causes hypersalivation?

A

Parasympathetic stimulus

242
Q

How to induce vomiting in dogs?

A

D2 receptors in CRTZ

243
Q

What decreases GI motility?

A

Opioids

244
Q

Enteric NS = myenteric plexus controls motility, submucosal controls secretion

A
245
Q

Where does the glandular stomach meet the non glandular stomach?

A

Margo plicatus

246
Q

What is not a function of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon

247
Q

What is the purpose of the rumen?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium in rumen and microbe fermentation

248
Q

How is the LVC distinguished from the LDC?

A

LDC is smooth, LVC sacs and bands

249
Q

What will not increase insulin?

A

Decrease amino acids

250
Q

Foregut fermentation does not increase bioavailability of pharmaceuticals

A
251
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A
252
Q

What do not store metals?

A

Stellate cells

253
Q

What is the function of hepatomata’s?

A

Metabolism and biotransformation

Anatomy (26 decks)

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