Forgotten PowerPoints Flashcards
Where is most iron in the body?
In RBC
What binds O2 in the RBC?
Iron
How is iron transported from the small intestine to the BM?
Using transferrin
What causes Iron deficiency?
Chronic blood loss
What organs is iron stored in?
Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow
What is iron stored as?
Ferritin
Hemosiderin
Where is hemosiderin found?
Golden brown in macrophages
What are causes of iron deficiency anemia? (IDA)
GI blood loss due to internal or external parasites
Ulcers from NSAIDs or ulcerated tumors in GI tract
Why is iron deficiency in nursing animals common?
Milk is a poor source of iron (specifically piglets)
What is the most common cause of microcytic, hypochromic RBCs?
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
Is IDA regenerative or nonregenerative?
Can be either
What happens to platelets in IDA?
Thrombocytosis
Unknown causes
What will extravascular hemolysis do to plasma?
Extravascular hemolysis will make plasma look icteric
What will intravascular hemolysis do to plasma?
It will make the plasma look red
What are the 3 products of RBC metabolism?
Globin, Iron, and heme
What happens to globin from RBC metabolism?
Globin becomes amino acids go to proteins
What happens to iron from RBC metabolism?
Transported back to tissues and stored as hemosiderin or ferritin
What happens to heme from RBC digestion?
Metabolized to unconjugated bilirubin and is carried to liver
How does the unconjugated bilirubin get to the liver?
Binds to albumin for transport (not lost in urine because it is bound to albumin)
Once in the liver, what happens to bilirubin?
Conjugated by hepatocytes and is excreted in the bile
What species has higher bilirubin?
Horses
Where is extravascular hemolysis undergo phagocytosis?
Spleen
What are causes of hemolytic anemia?
IMHA
Oxidative damage
Infection
Environmental issues
What is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs?
IMHA
What animal is IMHA most common in?
Middle Aged
Female
Cocker Spaniel
What type of hemolysis does IMHA cause?
Extravascular hemolysis
What is a common clinical finding associated with IMHA?
Hyperbilirubenmia (icteric mucous membranes and dark urine)
What is PIMA
Precursor immune-mediated anemia (in bone marrow)
What is a test that can be used to confirm IMHA?
Coombs’ Test
What is oxidative damage?
Oxidative damage to RBC membrane causes eccentrocyte formation or Heinz bodies
What happens if there is oxidative damage to iron?
Methemoglobin (unable to carry oxygen)
What are causes of oxidative damage?
Plans and drugs/toxins
What are the zones of the adrenal gland in order?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
(GFR)
What does Zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralcorticoids
What does Zona fasciculata produce?
Glucocorticoids
What does Zona reticularis produce?
Androgens
What does the medulla produce?
Catecholamines
What is the most common Mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone
What is the most common glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
What are androgens?
Sex hormone
What do glucocorticoids do?
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism
What do mineralcorticoids do?
Related to electrolyte and water metabolism
What is the first 2 molecules in the synthesis pathway of steroids?
Acetate > cholesterol
What is the least potent glucocorticoid?
Corticosterone
What hormone activates the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
What are the levels of dosing for Pred DOSING?!?
Physiologic: 0.1-0.25 mg/kg/day
Anti-inflammatory: 1 mg/kg/day
Immunosuppressive: 2.2 mg/kg/day
Which steroids have the fastest onset?
Aqueous solutions of soluble steroid esters
Free steroid alcohols
What are some side effects of steroid use?
ALP (increased liver parameters)
Diabetes Mellitus
GI bleeding
Sepsis
Cushing or Addisons
What would a pituitary tumor cause?
Excess ACTH and Cushing’s Disease
What is the dosing of dexamethasone and what doesn’t it have?
1/7 does of pred
No Mineralcorticoids activity
What is a big hormonal stimuli for aldosterone secretion in the Zona glomerulosa?
Angiotensin II (ATII)
What are the 2 main regulators of aldosterone secretion?
Angiotensin II and potassium concentration
High potassium and high ATII increases aldosterone secretion
What does aldosterone do in the kidney?
Increases NaKATPase
Conserves sodium and water and excretes potassium
What are the 2 types of androgens?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (weak effect)
Anabolic steroids (strong effect)
What does Catecholamines affect?
Neurotransmitters
What is the starting point of Catecholamines synthesis?
Tyrosine
What is the end point of Catecholamine synthesis?
either norepinephrine or epinephrine
What is the degradation product of epinephrine?
Metanephrine or normetanephrine
What are enzymes that metabolize catecholamines?
Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
Mona mine oxidase (MAO)
What type of receptor does norepinephrine target?
Alpha (little beta)
What type of receptor does epinephrine target?
Alpha and beta equally
What drug causes dilation of pupils?
Norepinephrine
What are 2 strong stimulators of aldosterone?
Angiotensin II and hyperkalemia
What do catecholamines have effects on?
sympathetic nervous system
What is a serious adrenal medulla tumor called?
Pheochromocytoma
What is NNN anemia
Nonregenerative
Normocytic
Normochromic
What does NNN anemia mean?
Non regenerative
Normochromic
Normocytic
What is a specific toxin caused my hemolytic anemia?
Zinc toxicity
What cell shows up in zinc toxicity?
Eccentrocytes
What is a really common breed/sex of ITP and what it ITP?
Female cocker spaniel
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
How long after hemorrhage/hemolysis will it take to detect a reticulocyte response?
3-5 days
What type of anemia are animals treated with NSAIDs or aspirin more likely to get?
Iron deficiency anemia due to ulceration
Does IDA have high or low platelets?
HIGH! (Thrombocytosis)
What color plasma is extravascular hemolysis?
Yellow
What color plasma is intravascular hemolysis?
Red
How much conjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed?
10%
What type of RBC will you see with damage to RBC membrane due to oxidative damage
Eccentrocyte
What type of RBC will you see with oxidative damage to the hemoglobin
Heinz body
What forms with oxidative damage to iron in RBC?
Methemoglobin
What does LQM stand for?
Laboratory quality management
What is thrombopoiesis regulated by?
Thrombopoetin (TPO) like EPO
What type of tube is used for a platelet count?
Sodium citrate tube
What type of leukogram is really common in horses under 2?
Physiological leukogram!
What species does monocytosis actually happen in a stress leukogram?
Dogs (maybe not in other species)
What are common reasons for neutropenia?***
Endotoxins
Neoplasia
FeLV
FIV
Parvovirus
Bovine viral diarrhea
Drugs
What do GPIIb/IIIa bind to?
Fibrinogen
What is idiopathic congenital macrothrompocytopenia?
Megakaryocytes do a worse job producing macrothrombocytes so less platelets are produced
Common in Cavalier King Charles spaniels
Why do NSAIDs and aspirin decrease platelet function?
Blocks thromboxane (TXAII) production. TXAII is needed for activating GPIIb/IIIa
What pathway does antithrombin III most inhibit
Intrinsic and common
What does ATIII need to bind to activate?
Heparin
How do you measure plasma concentrations of FDPs?
Agglutination test
What are reactive lymphocytes caused by?
Antigenic activation
