Review

Question 1

Nearly all bacteria have _______ in their cell wall, responsible for their gram’s stain.

Answer 1

peptidoglycan

Question 2

Which bacteria does not have peptidoglycan?

Answer 2

Mycoplasma

Question 3

Gram positive bacteria have a (thin/thick) peptidoglycan and stain (purple/pink).

Answer 3

thick
purple

Question 4

Gram negative bacteria have a (thin/thick) peptidoglycan and stain (purple/pink).

Answer 4

thin
pink

Question 5

What two special structures are present only in gram negative bacteria?

Answer 5

porins
endotoxin (LPS)

Question 6

Where is endotoxin located?

Answer 6

outer leaflet of cell membrane (gram negative)

Question 7

Gram (positive/negative) bacteria have a periplasm.

Answer 7

negative

Question 8

Which species of bacteria has a complex cell wall which has a waxy outer layer and is acid-fast?

Answer 8

Mycobacterium

Question 9

Peptidoglycan is composed of _______ and ______ via peptide bridges.

Answer 9

NAM + NAG

Question 10

Which two types of bacteria produce endospores?

Answer 10

bacillus
clostridium

Question 11

What structure is response for bacteria formation into capsules and biofilms?

Answer 11

glycocalyx

Question 12

What process do bacteria in biofilms use to communicate and resistant antimicrobials?

Answer 12

quorum sensing

Question 13

_______ are crystalline protein arrays outside of peptidoglycan that may or may not be present in bacteria.

Answer 13

S-layers

Question 14

If present, where is the S-layer of bacteria located in gram-positive? Gram-negative?

Answer 14

Gram-positive: outside peptidoglycan
Gram-negative: outer membrane

Question 15

List the 3 domains of life.

Answer 15

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Question 16

Eukarya is the only domain considered eukaryotes, which means they have:

Answer 16

nuclear membrane

Question 17

Which domain are fungi in?

Answer 17

eukarya

Question 18

What is the most important tool in bacteria which determines if a species has been identified?

Answer 18

16S ribosomal RNA analysis

Question 19

What tool is used to classify bacteria according to its protein profile?

Answer 19

MALDI-TOF Mass Spec

Question 20

Bacteria usually have (1/2) (linear/circular) chromosome(s).

Answer 20

1 circular

Question 21

Term for gene transfer via uptake of naked DNA.

Answer 21

transformation

Question 22

Term for gene transfer by movement of bacteriophages.

Answer 22

transduction

Question 23

________ transduction is where genes close by are inserted while in _______ transduction any DNA can be inserted.

Answer 23

specialized
general

Question 24

Transduction process where a toxin gene in a bacteriophage is inserted into bacteria, so it can start producing toxin.

Answer 24

lysogenic conversion

Question 25

(T/F) Mobilizable plasmids can move themselves from bacteria to bacteria.

Answer 25

False - must be moved by conjugative plasmids

Question 26

__________ is where one gene moves places within a plasmid.

Answer 26

insertion sequence

Question 27

(T/F) Insertion sequences are not directly related to antibiotic resistance.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

(T/F) Transposons are not directly associated with antibiotic resistance.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

_________ are when two insertion sequences come together with an antibiotic resistance gene between them and can move sites.

Answer 29

transposons

Question 30

Term for large chromosome regions only present in pathogenic strains of bacteria.

Answer 30

pathogenicity islands

Question 31

__________ are considered “gene capturing units” which integrate antibiotic resistance cassettes into clusters of genes.

Answer 31

integrons

Question 32

List the two antioxidants necessary for bacterial growth.

Answer 32

superoxide dismutase
catalase/peroxidase