Microbiome (Exam 4)

Question 1

Molecular microbiology method which takes all DNA from a sample, extracts DNA, chops and sequences fragments, and makes an entire metagenome.

Answer 1

Whole Metagenome Shotgun Sequencing

Question 2

What molecular microbiology method is now used which is ribosome-based and allow sequencing of 1 gene from bacteria to identify it at the genus level?

Answer 2

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

Question 3

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing can use 1 gene to identify a bacterium since ______ and ______ regions differ between bacterial species.

Answer 3

variable
conserved

Question 4

What is the ideal gene for identification of bacteria?

Answer 4

16 rRNA

Question 5

Which two bacterial groups are the dominant phyla in normal fecal microbiota of most domestic species?

Answer 5

Bacillota
Bacteroidota

Question 6

Bacillota is mostly gram (positive/negative) and Bacteroidota is mostly gram (positive/negative).

Answer 6

positive
negative

Question 7

The dominant phyla of the normal fecal microbiome (Bacillota and Bacteroidota) are almost all (facultative/obligate) (aerobes/anaerobes).

Answer 7

obligate anaerobes

Question 8

Which species has the richest microbiome of the domestic animals? Which has the most refined or fewest bacterial species?

Answer 8

Richest: horses
Refined: mice

Question 9

The first step in development of the microbiome is:

Answer 9

maternal transmission (begins at parturition)

Question 10

Colonization of the microbiome after maternal transmission occurs in 2 stages. The first stage occurs during:

Answer 10

nursing

Question 11

Within the first microbiome colonization stage, these bacteria are primarily (facultative/obligate) (aerobes/anaerobes).

Answer 11

facultative anaerobes

Question 12

List 3 groups of bacteria that colonize the microbiome during Stage 1 of colonization during nursing.

Answer 12

1. Lactobacillaceae
2. Bifidobacteriaceae
3. Enterobacteriaceae

Question 13

Within stage 2 of microbiome colonization, the (upper/lower) GI tract is still predominantly facultative anaerobes from stage 1. However, the (upper/lower) GI tract consists of obligate anaerobes.

Answer 13

upper
lower

Question 14

List 4 factors that influence the development of the microbiome.

Answer 14

1. diet
2. genetics
3. hormones
4. environment

Question 15

Because the microbiome differs greatly based on location within the gut, it is considered “_________”.

Answer 15

bi-cameral

Question 16

The stomach relies on ______, ______, and _______ while the colon relies on ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 16

glucose, oxygen, sialomucins
butyrate, NO oxygen, sulfomucins

Question 17

What is the main energy source for colonocytes and serves to inhibit proliferation and inflammation in the colon?

Answer 17

butyrate

Question 18

(T/F) The gut microbiome is considered an “organ”.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

The microbiome has specialized functions for _____-_______ communities.

Answer 19

host-associated

Question 20

The microbiome stimulates develop of what 3 things?

Answer 20

villa, crypts, mucosal immunity

Question 21

List 5 functions of the gut microbiome.

Answer 21

1. make essential vitamins
2. breakdown dietary fiber
3. de-conjugate bile acids
4. colonization resistance
5. acquired immunity

Question 22

ONLY the bacteria in the gut microbiome make ________ to de-conjugate bile acid.

Answer 22

bile salt hydrolase

Question 23

(T/F) Bile salt hydrolase receptors are only in the GI tract.

Answer 23

False (all over the body)

Question 24

Gut microbiome has the ability to prevent colonization of ______.

Answer 24

pathogens

Question 25

Which bacterial species thrives on milk oligosaccharides and is important in direct resistance of pathogenic colonization?

Answer 25

Bifidobacterium

Question 26

(T/F) Gut bacteria can resistant pathogenic colonization directly or indirectly.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Many microbiome bacteria are responsible for the breakdown of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, involving _______ effects.

Answer 27

extraintestinal

Question 28

List 3 disorders which can occur due to problems or dysbiosis of the microbiome.

Answer 28

1. hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (dogs)
2. IBD (cats, dogs, horses)
3. colic (horses)