Microbiome (Exam 4) Flashcards
Molecular microbiology method which takes all DNA from a sample, extracts DNA, chops and sequences fragments, and makes an entire metagenome.
Whole Metagenome Shotgun Sequencing
What molecular microbiology method is now used which is ribosome-based and allow sequencing of 1 gene from bacteria to identify it at the genus level?
16S rRNA amplicon sequencing
16S rRNA amplicon sequencing can use 1 gene to identify a bacterium since ______ and ______ regions differ between bacterial species.
variable
conserved
What is the ideal gene for identification of bacteria?
16 rRNA
Which two bacterial groups are the dominant phyla in normal fecal microbiota of most domestic species?
Bacillota
Bacteroidota
Bacillota is mostly gram (positive/negative) and Bacteroidota is mostly gram (positive/negative).
positive
negative
The dominant phyla of the normal fecal microbiome (Bacillota and Bacteroidota) are almost all (facultative/obligate) (aerobes/anaerobes).
obligate anaerobes
Which species has the richest microbiome of the domestic animals? Which has the most refined or fewest bacterial species?
Richest: horses
Refined: mice
The first step in development of the microbiome is:
maternal transmission (begins at parturition)
Colonization of the microbiome after maternal transmission occurs in 2 stages. The first stage occurs during:
nursing
Within the first microbiome colonization stage, these bacteria are primarily (facultative/obligate) (aerobes/anaerobes).
facultative anaerobes
List 3 groups of bacteria that colonize the microbiome during Stage 1 of colonization during nursing.
- Lactobacillaceae
- Bifidobacteriaceae
- Enterobacteriaceae
Within stage 2 of microbiome colonization, the (upper/lower) GI tract is still predominantly facultative anaerobes from stage 1. However, the (upper/lower) GI tract consists of obligate anaerobes.
upper
lower
List 4 factors that influence the development of the microbiome.
- diet
- genetics
- hormones
- environment
Because the microbiome differs greatly based on location within the gut, it is considered “_________”.
bi-cameral
The stomach relies on ______, ______, and _______ while the colon relies on ______, ______, and ______.
glucose, oxygen, sialomucins
butyrate, NO oxygen, sulfomucins
What is the main energy source for colonocytes and serves to inhibit proliferation and inflammation in the colon?
butyrate
(T/F) The gut microbiome is considered an “organ”.
True
The microbiome has specialized functions for _____-_______ communities.
host-associated
The microbiome stimulates develop of what 3 things?
villa, crypts, mucosal immunity
List 5 functions of the gut microbiome.
- make essential vitamins
- breakdown dietary fiber
- de-conjugate bile acids
- colonization resistance
- acquired immunity
ONLY the bacteria in the gut microbiome make ________ to de-conjugate bile acid.
bile salt hydrolase
(T/F) Bile salt hydrolase receptors are only in the GI tract.
False (all over the body)
Gut microbiome has the ability to prevent colonization of ______.
pathogens
Which bacterial species thrives on milk oligosaccharides and is important in direct resistance of pathogenic colonization?
Bifidobacterium
(T/F) Gut bacteria can resistant pathogenic colonization directly or indirectly.
True
Many microbiome bacteria are responsible for the breakdown of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, involving _______ effects.
extraintestinal
List 3 disorders which can occur due to problems or dysbiosis of the microbiome.
- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (dogs)
- IBD (cats, dogs, horses)
- colic (horses)
