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Bacteriology II > Arboviruses (Exam 5) > Flashcards

Arboviruses (Exam 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Arbovirus means _______-borne.

A

arhtropod

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2
Q

Arboviruses have a replication cycle in nature involving blood-feeding _______ and ________ host.

A

arthropod
vertebrate

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3
Q

Which 3 species are typically vertebrate hosts for arboviruses?

A

birds, primates, rodents

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4
Q

Hosts that are asymptomatic, tolerant, and subclinical to Arboviruses with a low viremia are called:

A

reservoirs

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5
Q

Hosts that are asymptomatic OR symptomatic with a high viremia are called:

A

amplifiers

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6
Q

Accidental hosts with a low viremia where the disease cycle ends are called:

A

“dead-end” hosts

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7
Q

Benefits of arboviruses are that they easily cross species barrier and be transmitted over winter via which two routes?

A

transovarial or transstadial (tick)

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8
Q

When a virus is amplified in reservoirs or extends beyond usual host range this is called _______ disease.

A

epidemic

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9
Q

In Epidemic Disease, ________ hosts are NOT supportive of replication.

A

dead-end

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10
Q

Reservoir hosts are mostly responsible for arbovirus replication and transmission in a ________ or ______ cycle.

A

enzootic or endemic

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11
Q

Two families discussed that are contain Arboviruses are:

A

Togaviridae
Flaviviridae

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12
Q

What arbovirus disease is caused by an alphavirus within Togaviridae?

A

Equine Encephalitis

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13
Q

Alphaviruses which cause Equine Encephalitis are _______-borne, (enveloped/nonenveloped), (ss/ds) (DNA/RNA) viruses.

A

arthropod
enveloped ssRNA

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14
Q

Alphaviruses primarily use ______ as reservoirs and amplifying hosts. ______ and _______ are “dead-end” hosts.

A

birds
horses & humans

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15
Q

Equine Encephalitis occurs when a mosquito bites and the alphavirus replicates in _________ cells, goes to regional lymph node, and replicates in _______ causing a primary viremia.

A

dendritic
lymphocytes

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16
Q

After Equine Encephalitis causes a primary viremia, muscle, connective tissue, and endothelium are infected, leading to:

A

secondary viremia

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17
Q

Once a secondary viremia occurs in Equine Encephalitis, the virus goes on to infect ________, ______, and endothelium, causing encephalitis.

A

neurons, glial cells

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18
Q

Which 3 alphaviruses cause type of Equine Encephalitis?

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

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19
Q

Which virus causing Equine Encephalitis is the most virulent and severe?

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV)

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20
Q

Fill-in the blanks for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus:

Accidental hosts (3): _________
Reservoirs: ________

A

Accidental: humans, horses, large birds
Reservoirs: marsh birds

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21
Q

(T/F) WEEV is nearly 100% fatal in horses.

A

False (EEEV)

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22
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus is a natural recombinant of _______ and non-pathogenic _______ virus.

A

EEEV
aura

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23
Q

(T/F) There are only sporadic cases of WEEV.

A

True

24
Q

WEEV has 3 epizootic and 5 enzootic lineages but only ________ are neurovirulent.

A

epizootic

25
Q

Fill-in the blank for WEEV:

Accidental hosts (2): _________
Reservoir hosts: ________

A

horses, humans
wild birds

26
Q

Which alphavirus causing Equine Encephalitis is a reportable foreign animal disease?

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis V (VEEV)

27
Q

Which Equine Encephalitis has the highest zoonotic risk, as horses are amplifying hosts?

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)

28
Q

Fill-in the blank for VEEV:

Accidental host (2): ________
Amplifier: ________

A

humans, dogs (rare)
horses

29
Q

Horses with VEEV have a (low/high) viremia and are (infectious/non-infectious).

A

high
infectious

30
Q

Which Equine Encephalitis virus only uses humans as the “dead-end” host and not horses?

A

VEEV

31
Q

Clinical Disease/Syndromes of Equine Encephalitis can occur in two forms:

A
  1. inapparent/subclinical
  2. encephalitis
32
Q

(T/F) You can distinguish between Equine Encephalitis viruses based on the clinical signs.

A

False

33
Q

Depression, anorexia, drooping ears, and swollen eyelids are all signs of Encephalitis in horses together called:

A

“Sleeping Sickness”

34
Q

Apart from “Sleeping Sickness” signs, non-specific ________ signs can occur in horses with Encephalitis.

A

neurologic

35
Q

(T/F) There are NO gross lesions observable with Equine Encephalitis.

A

True

36
Q

Encephalitis in horses presents as a (suppurative/nonsuppurative) __________.

A

non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis

37
Q

Regarding diagnosis of Equine Encephalitis, the virus can only be isolated when its in the blood during _________.

A

fever

38
Q

What is the main method for antemortem diagnosis of Equine Encephalitis?

A

serology

39
Q

In horses, which types of Equine Encephalitis are considered core vaccines?

A

EEEV
WEEV

40
Q

Within the family Flaviviridae, which veterinary relevant virus is also a mosquito-borne arbovirus?

A

West Nile Virus

41
Q

West Nile Virus within the family Flaviviridae is witin the genus:

A

Flavivirus

42
Q

West Nile Virus, of Genus Flavivirus, is a(n) (enveloped/nonenveloped) (positive/negative) sense (ss/ds) (DNA/RNA) virus.

A

enveloped positive ssRNA

43
Q

Flavivirus uses _______ for receptor ligand binding and cell fusion.

A

E protein

44
Q

(T/F) West Nile Virus is a reportable disease in Missouri.

A

False (not anymore)

45
Q

West Nile Virus is the leading cause of _______ arboviral encephalitis in the US.

A

human

46
Q

80% of humans infected with West Nile Virus are asymptomatic. The rest develop ________ form or non-_________ form.

A

neuroinvasive

47
Q

List 3 species that can be affected by West Nile Virus.

A

birds
humans
horses

48
Q

Fill-in the host information for WNV:

Primary amplifying hosts (2): _________
Environmental sentinels: _________
“Dead-End” hosts (2): _______

A

house sparrow, robin
corvids (blue jay, crow, magpies)
humans, horses

49
Q

_______ are possible amplifying hosts for West Nile Virus.

A

alligators

50
Q

Regarding WNV, once a mosquito bites, the virus replicates in ________ and _______ cells causing a viremia which disseminates to CNS, causing encephalitis.

A

fibroblasts
endothelial cells

51
Q

(T/F) Clinical signs for WNV are highly variable and not diagnostic.

A

True

52
Q

Apart from sudden neurologic disease caused by WNV in horses, what two other common clinical signs can be seen?

A

colic or gait abnormalities
muscle fasciculations

53
Q

While gross lesions are not always visible with WNV, encephalomyelitis and _________ in the spinal cord, midbrain, or medulla can occur.

A

hemorrhage/congestion

54
Q

List 2 main diagnostic tests used for WNV.

A

IgM antibody capture ELISA
serum neutralization

55
Q
A

Bacteriology II (22 decks)

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