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Bacteriology II > Mycobacterium (Exam 5) > Flashcards

Mycobacterium (Exam 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacterium grow (slowly/rapidly) in appropriate culture.

A

slowly (6 weeks)

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2
Q

______ is used to differentiate various species of Mycobacteria in culture.

A

PCR

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3
Q

(T/F) Mycobacteria are intracellular parasites.

A

True

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4
Q

Mycobacteria have _______ ______ which are lipids in their cell envelope.

A

mycolic acids

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5
Q

Due to the waxy mycolic acids in Mycobacteria, what kind of stain can be used?

A

acid-fast stain

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6
Q

“Acid-Fast” stain of Mycobacteria can be dyed via two methods:

A

heat (Ziehl Neelsen)
phenol (Kinyoun)

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7
Q

__________ of Mycobacteria allow for HIGH environmental, disinfectant, and antibiotic resistance.

A

hydrophobicity

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8
Q

List 3 components of the cell wall of Mycobacteria.

A
  1. porins
  2. mycolic acid
  3. peptidoglycan (thin)
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9
Q

Atypical Mycobacteria are divided into _______ groups.

A

Runyon

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10
Q

Runyon Groups are non-contagious atypical mycobacteria grouped together based on _________ & ________.

A

growth rate & pigmentation

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11
Q

Match whether the Runyon Group is pigmented or non-pigmented after light exposure.

  1. Photochromogens
  2. Scotochromogens
  3. Nonchromogens
A

pigmented: 1 & 2
non-pigmented: 3

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12
Q

All Mycobacteria Runyon Groups undergo slow growth except __________ which form visible colonies in days, not weeks.

A

Rapid Growers (Group 4)

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13
Q

Match the hosts to the Mycobacteria species:

M. avium subsp. avium: ________
M. avium subsp. hominissuis (2): ________
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis: ________

A

poultry
humans & swine
cattle

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14
Q

A “tubercle” is a __________ lesion.

A

granulomatous

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15
Q

Term for contagious disease with tubercle formation.

A

Tuberculosis

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16
Q

List the 3 species of Mycobacteria which cause Tuberculosis.

A
  1. M. tuberculosis
  2. M. bovis
  3. M. avium subsp. avium
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17
Q

While Mycobacterium tuberculosis is well-known for causing Tuberculosis in humans, which 3 groups of animals are often affected?

A
  1. lab animals
  2. pet birds
  3. elephants
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18
Q

Mycobacterium bovis infects ________ & ______ but is uncommon in US domestic species due to eradication control.

A

cattle; deer

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19
Q

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium affect fowl but infection in ________ has decreased due to management practices.

A

chickens

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20
Q

Transmission of Tuberculosis favors _______, ______ environments.

A

warm, most

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21
Q

List 3 modes of transmission of Tuberculosis. Which is the most common?

A
  1. inhalation *most common
  2. ingestion
  3. milk (children via M. bovis)
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22
Q

Mycobacteria causing Tuberculosis are intracellular parasites in phagosomes which inhibit _________ and leads to _______.

A

apoptosis
necrosis

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23
Q

Mycobacteria causing Tuberculosis has _______ ______ as a virulence factor to bind to mannose receptors for specialized host entry.

A

tubercle bacillus

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24
Q

(T/F) Mycobacteria inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion.

A

True

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25
Q

Mycobacteria interfere with ______ ______ to decrease toxicity.

A

reactive oxygen

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26
Q

When Tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation, the primary tubercles are located in the ________ and secondary tubercles are in __________.

A

lungs
local lymph nodes

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27
Q

When Tuberculosis is transmitted via _______, the primary lesions occur in the tonsils, pharyngeal, cervical, and mesenteric lnns.

A

ingestion

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28
Q

Via ingestion, Tuberculosis causes secondary lesions in:

A

liver

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29
Q

Tuberculosis most commonly causes Generalized Disease in:

A

cattle

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30
Q

Generalized Tuberculosis in cattle causes lesions in ________ tissues such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

A

reticuloendothelial

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31
Q

Cattle with Generalized Tuberculosis can develop __________ Tuberculosis where multiple small lesions develop in multiple organs.

A

Miliary

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32
Q

Regarding pathogenesis of Miliary Tuberculosis, the primary lesion erodes into _________ and spread occurs throughout the body.

A

blood vessels

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33
Q

Cattle with severe, terminal Tuberculosis are _______.

A

anergic

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34
Q

(T/F) There is NO vaccination for animal protection of Tuberculosis.

A

True

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35
Q

What immunostimulant is used in horses made from a Mycobacterial cell wall extract?

A

Equimmune IV

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36
Q

What MLV for Mycobacterium bovis is used in humans?

A

Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine (BCG)

37
Q

________ is a mycobacteria prep used to detect infection using ______ ______ _____.

A

tuberculin
purified protein derivative (PPD)

38
Q

Tuberculin ______ tests are used for antemortem Tuberculosis testing using specific delayed-type hypersensitivity.

A

skin

39
Q

List the 4 Tuberculin skin tests and what animals they are used in.

A
  1. Mantoux Test (humans)
  2. Intrapalpebral Intradermal Test (nonhuman primates)
  3. Caudal Fold Test (ruminants)
  4. Comparative Cervical Test
40
Q

Animals infected with Tuberculosis may not react to Tuberculin skin tests due to ________ of the immune system.

A

anergy

41
Q

Match the Tuberculosis immunological test for its description:

  1. measures cell-mediated immunity using ELISA
  2. detects serum antibodies
  3. serology test using Lateral Flow Technology
A
  1. Bovine Gamma IFN Test
  2. Fluorescence Polarization Assay
  3. Vet TB STAT-PAK
42
Q

Which test is more sensitive: Tuberculin skin test OR Bovine Gamma IFN test?

A

Bovine Gamma IFN test

43
Q

(T/F) Culture and PCR of Mycobacteria causing Tuberculosis are only done in federal labs.

A

True

44
Q

Federal Control Programs for Bovine Tuberculosis and Bison/Captive Cervidae require _________ of infected herds.

A

depopulation

45
Q

Bovids in New Mexico, California, and used for what purpose are problem areas for Tuberculosis?

A

Mexican feeder steer & rodeo roping steers

46
Q

Tuberculosis in dogs and cats is (common/uncommon) and usually develop ________ disease.

A

uncommon; subclinical

47
Q

(T/F) Tuberculosis in companion animals is a public health hazard.

A

True

48
Q

Dogs are susceptible to Tuberculosis transmission via _______ and ______.

A

aerosol
ingestion

49
Q

List 2 Mycobacteria species which cause Tuberculosis in dogs. Which are cats VERY susceptible to?

A

M. bovis *cats are very susceptible
M. tuberculosis

50
Q

(T/F) Intradermal skin tests are the most reliable way to determine Tuberculosis infection in companion animals.

A

False (unreliable)

51
Q

Other than Mycobacteria causing Tuberculosis, which 2 other diseases can Mycobacterial species cause in companion animals?

A
  1. Feline Leprosy
  2. Feline/Canine Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacteriosis
52
Q

List the species responsible for the following:

  1. Feline Leprosy
  2. Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacteriosis (cats/dogs)
A
  1. Mycobacterium lepraemurium
  2. Runyon Group 4 Mycobacteria
53
Q

Feline Leprosy & Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacteriosis cause _______ and ______ lesions, often with _______ tracts.

A

nodules
ulcerative (fistulous)

54
Q

List 2 ways to diagnose Atypical Mycobacterial infections in companion animals.

A
  1. histopath
  2. culture
55
Q

Treatment of Atypical Mycobacterial infections in companion animals are often (successful/unsuccessful).

A

unsuccessful

56
Q

Term for disease with localized tuberculoid-like granulomatous lesions caused by Mycobacteria OTHER than those that cause Tuberculosis:

A

Mycobacteriosis

57
Q

Which organisms are the 2 causes of Mycobacteriosis?

A
  1. M. avium subsp. hominissuis
  2. Saprophytic acid-fast bacteria
58
Q

After slaughter of swine with Mycobacteriosis, which two species are often found?

A
  1. M. avium subsp. hominissuis
  2. M. intracellulare
59
Q

(T/F) Pigs with M. avium subsp. hominissuis often come from an environmental source while M. intracellulare comes from pig-to-pig or human transmission.

A

False (swapped)

60
Q

(T/F) Swine rarely develop clinical disease due to M. avium subsp. hominissuis or M. intracellulare.

A

True

61
Q

When swine do develop disease due to M. avium subsp. hominissuis or M. intracellulare, the disease is called ________ _________.

A

Tuberculous Adenitis

62
Q

(T/F) Control of Mycobacteriosis in swine is aimed at eradication.

A

False (not achievable due to environmental source)

63
Q

Match the exotic animal to the Mycobacteria that typically infects it:

  1. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis
  2. M. tuberculosis & M. avium
  3. M. avium subsp. avium
  4. M. tuberculosis & M. bovis
A
  1. hoofed animals
  2. primates
  3. birds
  4. elephants
64
Q

Worldwide, captive elephants are usually infected by Mycobacterium ________.

A

tuberculosis

65
Q

Elephants usually develop a _______ infection to M. tuberculosis.

A

subclinical

66
Q

What is the official test for elephants with Tuberculosis?

A

culture (via trunk washes)

67
Q

(T/F) Treatment of elephants with Tuberculosis causes side effects and DOES NOT stop the shedding.

A

False (does stop shedding, but causes side effects)

68
Q

(T/F) Elephants can become infected with Tuberculosis by other elephants or humans.

A

True

69
Q

Mycobacteria marinum, M. piscium, M. fortuitum, and M. cheolonae infect:

A

fish (problem in aquariums)

70
Q

What lesions develop in fish infected by Mycobacteria?

A

miliary yellow nodules in all internal organs

71
Q

Which species causes Mycobacteriosis in ruminants?

A

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

72
Q

(T/F) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ruminants is zoonotic.

A

False

73
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cause in ruminants?

A

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s)

74
Q

In addition to zoo ruminants, which 3 specific domestic ruminants are affected by Paratuberculosis?

A

cattle, sheep, goats

75
Q

List 3 routes of transmission of Paratuberculosis in ruminants.

A
  1. fecal-oral
  2. in-utero
  3. colostrum/milk
76
Q

Paratuberculosis in ruminants is most susceptible in (young/old) animals.

A

young

77
Q

What is the incubation period for Paratuberculosis in ruminants?

A

1-5 years

78
Q

(T/F) Intermittent fecal shedding of Paratuberculosis in ruminants starts prior to onset of clinical signs.

A

True

79
Q

What is the main clinical sign of Paratuberculosis in ruminants?

A

chronic diarrhea WITHOUT straining

80
Q

The chronic diarrhea caused by Paratuberculosis in ruminants is possible ________ _______.

A

immune-mediated

81
Q

Ruminants with ________ Paratuberculosis have decreased fertility and production, and increased cull rates.

A

subclinical

82
Q

Which two regions in the body are bacteria located in ruminants with Paratuberculosis?

A

terminal ileum
large intestine

83
Q

Paratuberculosis causes a ________ _______ infiltration of submucosa by epitheloid and giant cells.

A

diffuse granulomatous

84
Q

(T/F) Paratuberculosis causes diffuse, granulomatous necrosis in the GI tract.

A

False (NO necrosis)

85
Q

What type of immune response is crucial with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection?

A

Th1-mediated response

86
Q

(T/F) Vaccination against Paratuberculosis does not change the rate of infection.

A

True

87
Q

What is the “gold standard” antemortem diagnostic test for Paratuberculosis?

A

fecal culture

88
Q

Paratuberculosis in non-ruminant species has a high incidence in:

A

rabbits (Scotland)

89
Q
A

Bacteriology II (22 decks)

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