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child health > respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are the causative organisms for coryza ( common cold) ?

A

rhinovirus
coronavirus
RSV

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2
Q

what is the presentation of coryza ?

A 
nasal discharge ( clear or purulent)
nasal obstruction
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3
Q

what is the treatment for coryza ?

A

self limiting

give symptomatic treatment : nasal saline drops, antipyretics

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4
Q

what are the differential diagnosis with a presentation of enlarged cervical lymph nodes ?

A

acute pharyngitis

acute tonsilitis

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5
Q

what ate the causative organisms of acute pharyngitis ?

A

mostly viral , if bacterial beta hemolytic streptococci

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6
Q

what is the c/p of acute tonsilitis ?

A 
fever 
chills 
headache 
abdominal pain
GI disturbances 
exudate 
palatine petechia
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7
Q

what are the causative organisms of acute tonsilitis ?

A

ebstein barr virus

group A b-hemolytic streptococci

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8
Q

what is the treatment for acute tonsilitis ?

A

penicillin

and if there is a penicillin allergy then give erythromycin

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9
Q

what are the immediate complications of acute tonsillitis ?

A

peritonsillar abscess

pharyngeal abscess

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10
Q

what are the late complications of acute tonsillitis ?

A

rheumatic fever

post stroptococcal glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

what is the classical presentation of scarlet fever ?

A

sand paper rash
facial erythema
strawberry tongue

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12
Q

what are the complications of scarlet fever ?

A

rheumatic fever

PSGN

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13
Q

what is the treatment for scarlet fever ?

A

penicillin for 10 days

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14
Q

what are the causes of acute otitis media ?

A

pneumococcus
H flu
moraxella catarrhalis
could also be viruses (rhinovirus/RSV)

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15
Q

why are children and infants more prone to AOM ?

A

shorten and more horizontal ear canal

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16
Q

what are the complications of AOM ?

A

otitis media with effusion ( glue-ear)

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17
Q

what are the indications for a tonsillectomy ?

A

obstructive sleep apnea
recurrent tonsillitis
peritonsillar abscess

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18
Q

what are the indications of adenoidectomy ?

A

obstructive sleep apnea

recurrent otitis media with effusion and hearing loss

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19
Q

what is the clinical presentation of sinusitis ?

A

usually following a viral URTI

fever, pain and tenderness, facial swelling ( maxillary sinusitis )

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20
Q

how does stridor happen ?

A

due to partial obstruction of the upper airway which increases with crying

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21
Q

what is the most common cause of acute stridor ?

A

viral laryngotracheobronchitis ( croup )

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22
Q

which viruses cause croup ?

A

parainfluenza
rhinovirus
RSV
influenza

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23
Q

what is the clinical picture of croup ?

A

coryza
hoarsness, barking cough, stridor
respiratory distress

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24
Q

what is the treatment for croup ?

A

warm moist air

corticosteroids ( oral or nebulized)

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25
Q

what are the causes of epiglottits ?

A

due to a bacterial infection ( h influenza type b)

26
Q

what is the presentation of epiglottitis ?

A

sore throat
drooling
stridor

27
Q

what is the best line of management for a patient presenting with epiglottitis ?

A

a lateral neck X-ray

urgent hospitalisation and intubation

28
Q

what are the causes of bronchitis ?

A

viruses following URI

or bacteria

29
Q

what is the clinical picture of bronchitis ?

A

fever
cough
expectoration

30
Q

what is the treatment for bronchitis ?

A

spontaneous recovery

symptomatic treatment

31
Q

what is the most common cause of bronchiolitis ?

A

RSV

32
Q

what investigation is required for all bronchiolitis patients ?

A

pulse oximetry - SpO2

33
Q

what is the treatment for bronchiolitis ?

A

supportive treatment
respiratory support along with humidified oxygen
no benefit of bronchodilators

34
Q

what is the most appropriate prophylaxis of bronchiolitis ?

A

RSV monoclonal antibody

35
Q

what are the three clinical stages of pertussis ?

A

catarrhal stage ( 7-10 days)
paroxysmal stage- inspiratory whooping cough
convalescent stage 7-10 days

36
Q

what is the treatment for pertussis ?

A

macrolide

37
Q

what is the appropriate prophylaxis for pertussis ?

A

vaccine DPT

38
Q

what treatment should be given to contacts or pertussis?

A

rifampcin

39
Q

what age group is bronchiolitis the most common respiratory infection ?

A

3 to 6 months

40
Q

what age group is most commonly affected by croup ?

A

6 months - 6 years

41
Q

what investigations are required for pertussis ?

A

CBC: lymphocytosis

pertussis detection in nasopharyngeal secretions (PCR)

42
Q

what is the leading cause of death of infants below the age of 5 ?

A

pneumonia

43
Q

what are the causes of pneumonia ?

A

infection
or
aspiration, hypersensitivity, drugs and irradiation

44
Q

what is the causative organism of pneumonia in neonates ?

A

group b strep

e.coli

45
Q

what is the most common causative organism of pneumonia in 1-3 months old ?

A

febrile pneumonia -RSV

afebrile pneumonia - chlamydia, mycoplasma, bordetella pertussis

46
Q

what is the most common causative organism in pneumonia in 3-5 month old ?

A

RSV

47
Q

what is the most common causative organism in pneumonia in 5-18 year olds ?

A

M.pneumonia
S.pneumonia
C.pneumonia

48
Q

what may upper lobe pneumonia mimic in children ?

A

meningitis due to radiating neck pain

49
Q

what may lower lobe pneumonia mimic ?

A

appendicitis due to vague abdominal pain

50
Q

what does bacterial pneumonia show up as on X-ray ?

A

lobar pneumonia

51
Q

what does viral pneumonia show up as on X-ray ?

A

interstitial pneumonia

52
Q

what age group is more likely to experience atypical pneumonia ?

A

school aged children

53
Q

what is the most common causative organism in atypical pneumonia ?

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

chlamydia pneumonia

54
Q

what differentiates atypical pneumonia from other types of pneumonia ?

A

extra pulmonary manifestations such as arthritis, hepatitis and skin rashes

55
Q

what are the indications of hospitalisation in pneumonia ?

A 
age younger than 3 months 
hypoxia 
respiratory distress 
inability to feed 
failure of outpatient therapy 
home care in unavailable 
or for the treatment of complications
56
Q

what is empyema ?

A

accumulation of pus in the pleural spaces

57
Q

what is the etiology of empyema ?

A

usually a complication of pneumonia
ruptured lung abscess
spread of infection

58
Q

what ab is given for m.pneumonia ?

A

azithromycin

59
Q

what ab is given for staphylococcal pneumonia ?

A

vancomycin
or
ceftriaxone

60
Q

what is the management for empyema ?

A

drainage under water seal
antibiotics
decortication

child health (40 decks)

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