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child health > neural tube defects > Flashcards

neural tube defects Flashcards

1
Q

where is CSF made ?

A

in ependymal cells and choroid plexus

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2
Q

where does reabsorption of CSf occur ?

A

superior sagittal sinus to the blood

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3
Q

what is hydrocephalus ?

A

increased CSF in the ventricular system

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4
Q

what are the different causes of hydrocephalus ?

A

increased production
or due to obstruction
or decreased absorption

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5
Q

what are the cause of increased production of CSF in the brain causing hydrocephalus

A

choroid plexus papilloma

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6
Q

what are the obstructive causes of Hydrocephalus ?

A

congenital : aqueduct stenosis, Chiari II formation, Dandy Walker formation
Traumatic: bleeding followed by fibrosis
Inflammatory: meningitis followed by fibrosis
neoplastic : space-occupying lesions
MIscellaneous : achondroplasia

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7
Q

what are the causes of decreased absorption causing hydrocephalus ?

A

fracture base of the skull
basal meningitis
leukemia

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8
Q

what is dandy walker malformation ?

A

cystic dilatation of fourth ventricle and absent cerebellar vermis

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9
Q

what is the presentation of Chiari malformation type II ?

A

almost always associated with Myelomeningocele and on MRI the hindbrain appears to be herniating through the spinal canal
flat occiput

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10
Q

what are the types of spina bifida ?

A

occulta
meningocele
myelomeningocele

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11
Q

what appears on examination of an occulta spina bifida ?

A

a tuft of hair
lipoma
sinus or nevus

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12
Q

what is the physical presentation of meningocele ?

A

a cyst like swelling

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13
Q

what is the physical presentation of myelomeningocele ?

A

the cyst may be covered with either intact or disrupted skin

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14
Q

what abnormality is spina bifida associated with ?

A

talipes equinovarus

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15
Q

what is the relationship between the level of myelomeningocele and the neurological deficit ?

A

the higher the the level of the myelomeningocele the greater the neurological deficit

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16
Q

what are the effects of hydrocephalus/spina bifida ?

A 
massive head enlargement 
brain degeneration 
cranial nerve palsies 
headache 
limb weakness/paralysis 
bowel and bladder incontinence
17
Q

what is the preventatitve management for spina bifida ?

A

folic acid supplementation prenatally

18
Q

what is the management for choroid plexus papilloma ?

A

surgical removal

acetazolamide

19
Q

what is the general treatment for hydrocephalus ?

A

VP shunt

20
Q

what shape does the occiput take in Chiari II syndrome ?

A

flat occiput

21
Q

what are the clinical findings associated with hydrocephalus ?

A 
sutures and fontanelles patent
sun-set eyes 
squint
skin stretched and shiny 
visible veins 
shunt 
scar of shunt placement

child health (40 decks)

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