respiratory disorders in the newborn

Question 1

what is the most common cause of respiratory distress in term infants ?

Answer 1

transient tachypnea of the newborn

Question 2

what is the cause of transient tachypnea of the newborn ?

Answer 2

delayed resorption of lung fluid after birth

Question 3

what is the management for transient tachypnea of the newborn ?

Answer 3

IV fluids and oxygen

Question 4

given that a baby was delivered and found to be apneic along with meconium stained skin, what is this suggestive of ?

Answer 4

meconium aspiration

Question 5

what is evident on a chest X-ray in meconium aspiration ?

Answer 5

areas of lung collapse and areas of hyperinflation

Question 6

what are the complications of aspiration pneumonia ?

Answer 6

persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum
bacterial pneumonia

Question 7

what is the management for meconium aspiration pneumonia ?

Answer 7

stabilisation in the NICU
correction of hypoxia
treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension

Question 8

what causes persistent pulmonary hypertension in newborns ?

Answer 8

failure of the normal circulatory transition that occurs after birth

Question 9

what appears on X-ray that may indicate persistent pulmonary hypertension ?

Answer 9

lung oligemia

Question 10

how is persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn managed ?

Answer 10

mechanical ventilation n
circulatory support
pulmonary vasodilators ( sildenafil , inhaled nitric oxide)
ECMO

Question 11

what are the risk factors for neonatal pneumonia ?

Answer 11

prolonged rupture of membranes 
prematurity 
chorioamnionitis 
meconium stained amniotic fluids 
milk aspiration pneumonia

Question 12

what is the management for pneumonia ?

Answer 12

oxygen via nasal cannula
IV fluids
Ampicillin and gentamycin

Question 13

what abnormality is associated with diaphragmatic hernias ?

Answer 13

pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 14

what is the management for a newborn presenting with a diaphragmatic hernia ?

Answer 14

insert NG tube into the stomach for air and secretion suction followed by surgical repair

Question 15

what are the features of pierre-robin syndrome ?

Answer 15

underdeveloped jaw
backward displacement of the tongue
upper airway obstruction
child is born with respiratory distress

Question 16

what must be avoided when resuscitating a newborn with a diaphragmatic hernia ?

Answer 16

no bag-mask ventilation to avoid further distention of the intestines

Question 17

what are the x-ray findings in respiratory distress syndrome ?

Answer 17

complete opacification of both lungs ( white lung)

diffuse reticulogranular pattern with air bronchogram