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Equine Anatomy > Respiratory System (II) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (II) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Upon inhalation, draw air into lungs for O2
  2. To transfer O2 from air into bloodstream
  3. Acid/base regulation
  4. Humidification of inspired air
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Defense against environmental contaminants
  7. To provide sensory input via olfactory cells
  8. Communication
  9. To assist in defecation and parturition
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2
Q

What “sweeps” away particles?

A

Ciliated mucosa

Cilia

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3
Q

Body loses heat by…

A

Exhaling hot air to cool body

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4
Q

Blood takes CO2 to _____ to become expired

A

Alveoli

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5
Q

What traps contaminants (bacteria and allergens)?

A

Mucus

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6
Q

What makes up the roof of the mouth?

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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7
Q

Acts as a gate and needs to be strong

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

What’s the function of the epiglottis?

A

Closes off trachea when swallowing and holds down soft palate when breathing. Does not close off esophagus

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9
Q

What warms the air?

A

Concha

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10
Q

What does the trachea have that keeps it open all the time and prevents it from collapsing?

A

Cartilage rings

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11
Q

What’s the function of the pharynx?

A

Allows communication between the posterior nares and the larynx.

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12
Q

How big is the pharynx in the adult horse?

A

15cm

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13
Q

What are two things that can happen when food enters the trachea?

A

Asphyxia and Pnemonia

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14
Q

_____ are holes in the skull. Makes the skull lighter.

A

Sinuses

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15
Q

Paralysis usually in the left arytenoid cartilage

A

Laryngeal hemiplagia

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16
Q

The laryngeal hemiplegia is idiopathic. Meaning?

A

No one knows the cause

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17
Q

This disease involves the epiglottis. Some horses have a weak epiglottis and their soft palate displaces and goes up which hinders _____.

A

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate

Hinders breathing

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18
Q

Horses have about _____ branches before arriving at alveoli

A

40

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19
Q

Which are the smallest blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

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20
Q

There’s smooth muscle around _____, _____ and _____.

A

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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21
Q

Irritants causes muscles to _____

A

Contract

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22
Q

What happens when you breathe in cold air?

A

Bronchial constriction

23
Q

Why do alveoli and capillaries have such thin membranes?

A

To diffuse CO2 and O2

24
Q

This muscle is extremely important for breathing

A

Diaphragm

25
Q

The thoracic cavity has _____ atmospheric pressure which keeps the lungs open all the time.

A

Negative

26
Q

What happens when thoracic cavity is punctured?

A

Lungs collapse

27
Q

The diaphragm contracts to _____ the pressure. This makes the pressure more _____ and draws air _____.

A

Decrease the pressure; more negative; draw air in

28
Q

The diaphragm separates the _____ and _____.

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavity

29
Q

The pleural space outside of the lungs aims to

A

Reduce friction

30
Q

What shape does the diaphragm have?

A

Dome shape

31
Q

The left lung has an area where

A

The heart rests

32
Q

You can condition the circulatory system, but not the respiratory system. The nose and trachea have

A

A maximum amount of oxygen they can bring in

33
Q

Horses can be conditioned to utilize oxygen better by way of _____. _____ can strengthen, too.

A

Skeletal and heart muscles

34
Q

Air in the trachea is more turbulent. Why?

A

There is less area for it to go through

35
Q

The air is more placid when it reaches the lungs because there is an increase in

A

The area - necessary for gas exchange

36
Q

Can the trachea expand?

A

No. Only one size!

37
Q

What are the parts of the upper airway?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

38
Q

What are the parts of the lower airway?

A

Tracheobronchial tree (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) and alveoli

39
Q

Gas exchange in the _____

A

Alveoli

40
Q

The upper airway _____ and _____ the air. Provides _____% of the resistance to air flow.

A

Warms and humidifies. 60%

41
Q

Horses are obligate nasal breathers. This means what?

A

During exercise, horses cannot use their mouths to breathe - they have to breathe through their nose.

42
Q

How can nasal resistance be decreased during exercise?

A

Flaring of nares and vasoconstriction of vascular tissue in nose

43
Q

Lungs have a compliance which means…

A

They have a certain extent to which they can expand and elasticize

44
Q

What is the limiting factor once a horse reaches peak performance?

A

Respiratory tract

45
Q

Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx contribute _____% airway resistance

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles contribute _____%

A

Upper = 50-70%

Lower = 30-50%

46
Q

What is the limiting factor for tidal volume in performance horses?

A

Nasal cavity

47
Q

Tidal volume is like a tidal wave. It is the volume of air in each _____

A

Breath

48
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree lined by?

A

Secretory ciliated epithelium

49
Q

Trachea and bronchi are supported by cartilage to prevent _____

A

Collapsing

50
Q

Trachea and bronchi have specialized cells to secrete

A

Mucus

51
Q

Tracheobronchial tree is a branching system that delivers air to _____. Horses have _____ branches. Humans have 24.

A

Alveoli

40

52
Q

Laminar airflow in bronchioles is _____ for gas exchange. What’s it cause?

A

Slow; produces no sound so you cannot hear normal lung sounds with a stethoscope

53
Q

Smooth muscles actively regulates _____ in response to stimuli.

A

Airway diameter

Equine Anatomy (25 decks)

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