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Equine Anatomy > Cardiovascular System (III) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (III) Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is used for _____ and is considered a _____ system.

A

Transport

Circulatory system

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2
Q

Where does nutrient exchange occur?

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Arteries mainly carry _____ blood

A

Arterial (oxygenated) - EXCEPT for pulmonary artery

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4
Q

What does blood transport? (7)

A 
Hormones
Heat
Oxygen
Waste products
Carbon dioxide
Antibodies
Nutrients and water
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5
Q

Artery =

A

Vessels that leave the heart

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6
Q

Vein =

A

Vessels that enter the heart

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7
Q

Function of RBCs

A

To carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and to carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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8
Q

Parts of blood

A

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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9
Q

This part of blood is the liquid portion before coagulation

A

Plasma

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10
Q

After coagulation of blood (less protein) is called

A

Serum

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11
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

Old RBCs are broken down by

A

Liver and spleen

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13
Q

In the resting horse, _____ of its RBCs are stored in the spleen and recruited during exercise as needed.

A

1/3

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14
Q

New RBCs are produced by

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

Platelets are very small and live _____. Function to help _____.

A

9-11 days

Function to help in blood-clotting process

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16
Q

Main function of WBCs

A

To defend body against disease

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A 
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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18
Q

Break down foreign proteins. Increase in response to allergens, particularly PARASITIC larvae

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

60% of leukocytes are these

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Defense against acute BACTERIAL infection. If foreign, they attack.

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Control inflammation by releasing HISTAMINE. Contain heparin

A

Basophils

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22
Q

Become macrophages in tissues which engulf foreign matter. VACUUM cleaner of infection or injury sites.

A

Monocytes

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23
Q

35% of leukocytes are these

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

Produce antibodies specific to invading VIRAL pathogens to protect the body against these invaders.

A

Lymphocytes

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25
Q

Vasodilation _____ vessel size to allow more WBCs to pass

A

Increases

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26
Q

Describe anemia

A

Decreased RBC count and [ ] of hemoglobin. Cannot carry oxygen efficiently

27
Q

Describe dehydration

A

Increase in PCV

28
Q

Describe bacterial infection

A

Increased WBC count

29
Q

Describe fitness level

A

A fit horse has a HIGHER # of RBCs and HIGHER [ ] of hemoglobin

30
Q

Describe viral infection

A

Decreased # of WBCs

31
Q

Arterial walls are made up of

A

Elastic collagen and smooth muscle

32
Q

A small artery is an

33
Q

A small vein is a

34
Q

Veins do not have _____ and rely on

A

Muscle (therefore do not pulse like arteries)

Rely on valves to impede backflow of blood

35
Q

One single cell makes up the wall of this blood vessel

36
Q

RBCs squeeze into capillaries by

A

Cholesterol

37
Q

The horse’s heart is encased by

A

Pericardium sac which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid

38
Q

Heart wall consists of 3 layers

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

39
Q

The myocardium is the specialized cardiac muscle that…

A

Does not fatigue

40
Q

The atria receive blood through

A

Superior vena cava and pulmonary vein

41
Q

The ventricles pump blood out through

A

Pulmonary artery and aorta

42
Q

What separates the right and left sides of the heart

A

Ventricular septum

43
Q

Heart murmurs create _____.

A

Less efficient valves. Harder to oxygenate

44
Q

Systole

45
Q

Diastole

46
Q

Left side sends blood to

A

Rest of the body - Myocardium is much thicker

47
Q

Right side sends blood to

48
Q

Higher bp =

A

Heart that fatigues faster and demands more nutrition

Higher risk for stroke

49
Q

Equal amounts of blood in right and left ventricle =

A

Equal stroke volume

50
Q

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat

A

Stroke volume

51
Q

At rest, the stroke volume of the horse is _____

A

800-1000 mL

52
Q

Stroke volume increases _____% from rest to sub-maximal exercise

53
Q

Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

54
Q

At rest, cardiac output is about

A

10 gallons per minute

55
Q

Can reach 100 gallons/min at

A

Maximum exercise

56
Q

At rest, bpm?

57
Q

At maximum exercise, bpm?

A

205-245 bpm

58
Q

Supplies blood to the heart

A

Coronary artery

59
Q

Supplies blood to forelimbs, brain, head and neck

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

60
Q

Supplies blood to stomach, liver and spleen

A

Celiac artery

61
Q

Supplies blood to intestines

A

Mesenteric artery

62
Q

Supplies blood to kidneys

A

Renal artery

63
Q

Supplies blood to hindquarters

A

Iliac artery

64
Q

During exercise, the majority is used for

A 
Skeletal muscles (78%)
Brain is only 4% = horses can't think well during a run

Equine Anatomy (25 decks)

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