Cardiovascular System (III)

Question 1

The cardiovascular system is used for _____ and is considered a _____ system.

Answer 1

Transport

Circulatory system

Question 2

Where does nutrient exchange occur?

Answer 2

Capillaries

Question 3

Arteries mainly carry _____ blood

Answer 3

Arterial (oxygenated) - EXCEPT for pulmonary artery

Question 4

What does blood transport? (7)

Answer 4

Hormones
Heat
Oxygen
Waste products
Carbon dioxide
Antibodies
Nutrients and water

Question 5

Artery =

Answer 5

Vessels that leave the heart

Question 6

Vein =

Answer 6

Vessels that enter the heart

Question 7

Function of RBCs

Answer 7

To carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and to carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

Question 8

Parts of blood

Answer 8

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Question 9

This part of blood is the liquid portion before coagulation

Answer 9

Plasma

Question 10

After coagulation of blood (less protein) is called

Answer 10

Serum

Question 11

How long do RBCs live?

Answer 11

100-120 days

Question 12

Old RBCs are broken down by

Answer 12

Liver and spleen

Question 13

In the resting horse, _____ of its RBCs are stored in the spleen and recruited during exercise as needed.

Answer 13

1/3

Question 14

New RBCs are produced by

Answer 14

Bone marrow

Question 15

Platelets are very small and live _____. Function to help _____.

Answer 15

9-11 days

Function to help in blood-clotting process

Question 16

Main function of WBCs

Answer 16

To defend body against disease

Question 17

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

Answer 17

Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Question 18

Break down foreign proteins. Increase in response to allergens, particularly PARASITIC larvae

Answer 18

Eosinophils

Question 19

60% of leukocytes are these

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

Defense against acute BACTERIAL infection. If foreign, they attack.

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

Control inflammation by releasing HISTAMINE. Contain heparin

Answer 21

Basophils

Question 22

Become macrophages in tissues which engulf foreign matter. VACUUM cleaner of infection or injury sites.

Answer 22

Monocytes

Question 23

35% of leukocytes are these

Answer 23

Lymphocytes

Question 24

Produce antibodies specific to invading VIRAL pathogens to protect the body against these invaders.

Answer 24

Lymphocytes

Question 25

Vasodilation _____ vessel size to allow more WBCs to pass

Answer 25

Increases

Question 26

Describe anemia

Answer 26

Decreased RBC count and [ ] of hemoglobin. Cannot carry oxygen efficiently

Question 27

Describe dehydration

Answer 27

Increase in PCV

Question 28

Describe bacterial infection

Answer 28

Increased WBC count

Question 29

Describe fitness level

Answer 29

A fit horse has a HIGHER # of RBCs and HIGHER [ ] of hemoglobin

Question 30

Describe viral infection

Answer 30

Decreased # of WBCs

Question 31

Arterial walls are made up of

Answer 31

Elastic collagen and smooth muscle

Question 32

A small artery is an

Answer 32

Arteriole

Question 33

A small vein is a

Answer 33

Venule

Question 34

Veins do not have _____ and rely on

Answer 34

Muscle (therefore do not pulse like arteries) | Rely on valves to impede backflow of blood

Question 35

One single cell makes up the wall of this blood vessel

Answer 35

Capillary

Question 36

RBCs squeeze into capillaries by

Answer 36

Cholesterol

Question 37

The horse's heart is encased by

Answer 37

Pericardium sac which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid

Question 38

Heart wall consists of 3 layers

Answer 38

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 39

The myocardium is the specialized cardiac muscle that...

Answer 39

Does not fatigue

Question 40

The atria receive blood through

Answer 40

Superior vena cava and pulmonary vein

Question 41

The ventricles pump blood out through

Answer 41

Pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 42

What separates the right and left sides of the heart

Answer 42

Ventricular septum

Question 43

Heart murmurs create _____.

Answer 43

Less efficient valves. Harder to oxygenate

Question 44

Systole

Answer 44

Contract

Question 45

Diastole

Answer 45

Relax

Question 46

Left side sends blood to

Answer 46

Rest of the body - Myocardium is much thicker

Question 47

Right side sends blood to

Answer 47

Lungs

Question 48

Higher bp =

Answer 48

Heart that fatigues faster and demands more nutrition | Higher risk for stroke

Question 49

Equal amounts of blood in right and left ventricle =

Answer 49

Equal stroke volume

Question 50

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat

Answer 50

Stroke volume

Question 51

At rest, the stroke volume of the horse is _____

Answer 51

800-1000 mL

Question 52

Stroke volume increases _____% from rest to sub-maximal exercise

Answer 52

20-50%

Question 53

Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute

Answer 53

Cardiac output

Question 54

At rest, cardiac output is about

Answer 54

10 gallons per minute

Question 55

Can reach 100 gallons/min at

Answer 55

Maximum exercise

Question 56

At rest, bpm?

Answer 56

35-45 bpm

Question 57

At maximum exercise, bpm?

Answer 57

205-245 bpm

Question 58

Supplies blood to the heart

Answer 58

Coronary artery

Question 59

Supplies blood to forelimbs, brain, head and neck

Answer 59

Brachiocephalic trunk

Question 60

Supplies blood to stomach, liver and spleen

Answer 60

Celiac artery

Question 61

Supplies blood to intestines

Answer 61

Mesenteric artery

Question 62

Supplies blood to kidneys

Answer 62

Renal artery

Question 63

Supplies blood to hindquarters

Answer 63

Iliac artery

Question 64

During exercise, the majority is used for

Answer 64

``` Skeletal muscles (78%) Brain is only 4% = horses can't think well during a run ```