Joints, Ligaments and Tendons Flashcards
Fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle, attaching the muscle to bone
Tendons
Fibers of tendon are arranged in _____.
Longitudinal rows
Fibers of tendon secrete…
Collagen
Collagen is the main supportive protein of _____.
Connective tissue
Tendons are _____ than ligaments, as a result of their “_____” structure, like an accordion.
Tendons are more elastic
“Crimped” structure
Collagen has a _____, which means that the crimps can only straighen and recoil a certain number of times.
Limited life
Therefore, there is a rapid turnover of _____ with tendons.
Collagen
The production of collagen is a _____ process.
Continuous
Tendons have poor _____, and that is why in an event of tendon injury the repair process is very slow.
Poor blood supply
The repair process for tendons are facilitated by _____ because a tendon cannot repair itself.
Adjacent soft tissue
The fact that a tendon cannot repair itself is a hindrance when injury happens in the lower legs, where there is not much _____ to assist in the repair process.
Adjacent tissue
Repair is different from healing and it…
Leaves a scar
_____ mimics fiber organization, but it cannot be _____.
Scar tissue; can’t be replicated
Once scar tissue is damaged, a tendon will always be…
Weaker
Ligaments are somewhat _____, _____ and _____.
Flexible, tough, and unyielding in consistency
Ligaments differ from tendons in that they do not have a _____, thus their capacity for extension is _____.
Do not have a crimp
Capacity for extension is limited
Ligaments help to limit _____. What’s an example of this?
The movement of joints; The lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the fetlock confine the movement to forward and backward only.
Ligaments have _____, which makes them slow in healing after injury.
Poor blood supply
Ligaments are rich in _____. What does this mean?
Rich in sensory nerves, which means they are very sensitive to pain
If a joint is stretched beyond the limitations set by the ligaments, what happens?
A very painful sprain will occur
These ligaments attach bone to bone at a joint, holding the bones in alignment, and they exist on both sides (lateral and medial) of the joints.
Collateral ligaments
Any identical structure found on both sides of a joint is termed _____.
“Collateral”
Thick sheets of dense, fibrous connective tissue that are attached to the skeleton, ligaments and tendons in places, and is adherent to many underlying muscles.
Fascia
The fetlock joint is locked in place by a “_____”, impeding the joint from moving sideways.
Central key
The _____ joint must be extremely stable because there is a substantial change in direction in the angle of the bones at this point.
Fetlock joint
The muscle power of the upper limb in transmitted to the foot via the _____.
Fetlock joint
The _____ and _____ joints have to accommodate changes of surface in the ground.
Pastern and coffin
The _____ should not move sideways because it already carries a big load.
Fetlock
The _____ and _____ joints should move from side to side to preserve _____, although this movement is limited by collateral ligaments.
Pastern and coffin joints; the soundness of the limb
Another name for the fetlock joint is called:
Metacarpal-phalangeal joint
Another name for the pastern joint is called:
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Another name for the coffin joint is called:
Distal interphalangeal joint
Suspensory ligament is also called:
The interosseus muscle
The suspensory ligament is the _____ _____ in the _____ _____.
Longest ligament in the lower leg
The main function of the suspensory ligament and apparatus is to support the _____, preventing it from _____ _____ which would result in…
Support the fetlock joint, preventing it from over-extending downward. This would result in straining the flexor tendons.
The suspensory ligament holds the _____ in place and wraps itself around the _____ to insert above the _____.
Holds the proximal sesamoid bones in place; wraps around long pastern bone to insert above the pastern joint
The suspensory ligament prevents…
The hinges from being strained
The carpus joint is referred to as the “_____”. It corresponds to the _____.
Knee; human wrist joint
What are the two functions of the Carpus joint?
1) Flexes so limb can be lifted from the ground
2) Stabilizes the entire forelimb while the body is propelled forward
The degree of flexion that allows a horse to tuck up its forelegs over an obstacle or lay down is achieved with…
A double tier of hinges
Unlike the human radius and ulna, there is no _____ between these two bones in the horse. Instead the ulna and radius are fused.
No rotation
The _____ serves as a level for the muscles above the elbow to propel the limb forward and to bring the limb back.
Olecranon
The shoulder joint is not a _____, but almost a _____ _____ _____ _____.
Not a hinge, but almost a horizontal ball (head of humerus) and socket (glenoid cavity of scapula)
The shoulder joint is unique. Why?
It has NO ligaments of its own
The muscles of the shoulder joint determine and limit the extent of _____ and double up as _____.
Limit the extent of movement; double up as ligaments
The shoulder joint can be a _____ ______ of _____.
Vulnerable source of pain
There are no joints connecting the bones of horse’s _____ to the body.
forelimb (attached by muscles)
The pelvic girdle protects…
Inner organs from being crushed by powerful muscles in butt by forming a solid housing (like a tent)
The pelvic girdle is a very important bony structure. It tolerates different levels of _____ and propels the body _____ and _____.
Levels of movement; Propels the body onwards and upwards
The broad sacrotuberal ligaments form a _____ that separates the _____ _____ and _____ _____ on the outside from inner organs.
Form a tent; Separates the deep muscles and sciatic nerve
Nuchal ligament _____ each cervical vertebrae
Spans over
Supraspinous ligament is _____ each vertebrae
On top of
Interspinous ligaments are _____ each vertebrae
In between
Ventral longitudinal ligament is _____ the spine
Underneath
Intertransverse ligaments are on…
Transverse processes of spine
The sacroiliac joint must remain _____ whenever the horse does
Intact
Lumbar vertebrae _____; no pelvic girdle or ribs. This is a HUGE area of _____.
“Float”
Pain
Movement starts in…
Hind quarter
The unridden horse is very _____.
Sustainable
Although, by its shape, the hip joint should allow ______ the movement is limited by the strategic placing of the muscles.
Considerable rotation; Keeps legs from splaying out, etc.
The hip joint is a true _____ _____ _____ joint.
Ball and socket
