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Equine Anatomy > Joints, Ligaments and Tendons > Flashcards

Joints, Ligaments and Tendons Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle, attaching the muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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2
Q

Fibers of tendon are arranged in _____.

A

Longitudinal rows

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3
Q

Fibers of tendon secrete…

A

Collagen

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4
Q

Collagen is the main supportive protein of _____.

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

Tendons are _____ than ligaments, as a result of their “_____” structure, like an accordion.

A

Tendons are more elastic

“Crimped” structure

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6
Q

Collagen has a _____, which means that the crimps can only straighen and recoil a certain number of times.

A

Limited life

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7
Q

Therefore, there is a rapid turnover of _____ with tendons.

A

Collagen

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8
Q

The production of collagen is a _____ process.

A

Continuous

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9
Q

Tendons have poor _____, and that is why in an event of tendon injury the repair process is very slow.

A

Poor blood supply

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10
Q

The repair process for tendons are facilitated by _____ because a tendon cannot repair itself.

A

Adjacent soft tissue

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11
Q

The fact that a tendon cannot repair itself is a hindrance when injury happens in the lower legs, where there is not much _____ to assist in the repair process.

A

Adjacent tissue

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12
Q

Repair is different from healing and it…

A

Leaves a scar

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13
Q

_____ mimics fiber organization, but it cannot be _____.

A

Scar tissue; can’t be replicated

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14
Q

Once scar tissue is damaged, a tendon will always be…

A

Weaker

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15
Q

Ligaments are somewhat _____, _____ and _____.

A

Flexible, tough, and unyielding in consistency

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16
Q

Ligaments differ from tendons in that they do not have a _____, thus their capacity for extension is _____.

A

Do not have a crimp

Capacity for extension is limited

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17
Q

Ligaments help to limit _____. What’s an example of this?

A

The movement of joints; The lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the fetlock confine the movement to forward and backward only.

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18
Q

Ligaments have _____, which makes them slow in healing after injury.

A

Poor blood supply

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19
Q

Ligaments are rich in _____. What does this mean?

A

Rich in sensory nerves, which means they are very sensitive to pain

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20
Q

If a joint is stretched beyond the limitations set by the ligaments, what happens?

A

A very painful sprain will occur

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21
Q

These ligaments attach bone to bone at a joint, holding the bones in alignment, and they exist on both sides (lateral and medial) of the joints.

A

Collateral ligaments

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22
Q

Any identical structure found on both sides of a joint is termed _____.

A

“Collateral”

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23
Q

Thick sheets of dense, fibrous connective tissue that are attached to the skeleton, ligaments and tendons in places, and is adherent to many underlying muscles.

A

Fascia

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24
Q

The fetlock joint is locked in place by a “_____”, impeding the joint from moving sideways.

A

Central key

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25
Q

The _____ joint must be extremely stable because there is a substantial change in direction in the angle of the bones at this point.

A

Fetlock joint

26
Q

The muscle power of the upper limb in transmitted to the foot via the _____.

A

Fetlock joint

27
Q

The _____ and _____ joints have to accommodate changes of surface in the ground.

A

Pastern and coffin

28
Q

The _____ should not move sideways because it already carries a big load.

A

Fetlock

29
Q

The _____ and _____ joints should move from side to side to preserve _____, although this movement is limited by collateral ligaments.

A

Pastern and coffin joints; the soundness of the limb

30
Q

Another name for the fetlock joint is called:

A

Metacarpal-phalangeal joint

31
Q

Another name for the pastern joint is called:

A

Proximal interphalangeal joint

32
Q

Another name for the coffin joint is called:

A

Distal interphalangeal joint

33
Q

Suspensory ligament is also called:

A

The interosseus muscle

34
Q

The suspensory ligament is the _____ _____ in the _____ _____.

A

Longest ligament in the lower leg

35
Q

The main function of the suspensory ligament and apparatus is to support the _____, preventing it from _____ _____ which would result in…

A

Support the fetlock joint, preventing it from over-extending downward. This would result in straining the flexor tendons.

36
Q

The suspensory ligament holds the _____ in place and wraps itself around the _____ to insert above the _____.

A

Holds the proximal sesamoid bones in place; wraps around long pastern bone to insert above the pastern joint

37
Q

The suspensory ligament prevents…

A

The hinges from being strained

38
Q

The carpus joint is referred to as the “_____”. It corresponds to the _____.

A

Knee; human wrist joint

39
Q

What are the two functions of the Carpus joint?

A

1) Flexes so limb can be lifted from the ground

2) Stabilizes the entire forelimb while the body is propelled forward

40
Q

The degree of flexion that allows a horse to tuck up its forelegs over an obstacle or lay down is achieved with…

A

A double tier of hinges

41
Q

Unlike the human radius and ulna, there is no _____ between these two bones in the horse. Instead the ulna and radius are fused.

A

No rotation

42
Q

The _____ serves as a level for the muscles above the elbow to propel the limb forward and to bring the limb back.

A

Olecranon

43
Q

The shoulder joint is not a _____, but almost a _____ _____ _____ _____.

A

Not a hinge, but almost a horizontal ball (head of humerus) and socket (glenoid cavity of scapula)

44
Q

The shoulder joint is unique. Why?

A

It has NO ligaments of its own

45
Q

The muscles of the shoulder joint determine and limit the extent of _____ and double up as _____.

A

Limit the extent of movement; double up as ligaments

46
Q

The shoulder joint can be a _____ ______ of _____.

A

Vulnerable source of pain

47
Q

There are no joints connecting the bones of horse’s _____ to the body.

A

forelimb (attached by muscles)

48
Q

The pelvic girdle protects…

A

Inner organs from being crushed by powerful muscles in butt by forming a solid housing (like a tent)

49
Q

The pelvic girdle is a very important bony structure. It tolerates different levels of _____ and propels the body _____ and _____.

A

Levels of movement; Propels the body onwards and upwards

50
Q

The broad sacrotuberal ligaments form a _____ that separates the _____ _____ and _____ _____ on the outside from inner organs.

A

Form a tent; Separates the deep muscles and sciatic nerve

51
Q

Nuchal ligament _____ each cervical vertebrae

A

Spans over

52
Q

Supraspinous ligament is _____ each vertebrae

A

On top of

53
Q

Interspinous ligaments are _____ each vertebrae

A

In between

54
Q

Ventral longitudinal ligament is _____ the spine

A

Underneath

55
Q

Intertransverse ligaments are on…

A

Transverse processes of spine

56
Q

The sacroiliac joint must remain _____ whenever the horse does

A

Intact

57
Q

Lumbar vertebrae _____; no pelvic girdle or ribs. This is a HUGE area of _____.

A

“Float”

Pain

58
Q

Movement starts in…

A

Hind quarter

59
Q

The unridden horse is very _____.

A

Sustainable

60
Q

Although, by its shape, the hip joint should allow ______ the movement is limited by the strategic placing of the muscles.

A

Considerable rotation; Keeps legs from splaying out, etc.

61
Q

The hip joint is a true _____ _____ _____ joint.

A

Ball and socket

Equine Anatomy (25 decks)

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