Joints, Ligaments and Tendons

Question 1

Fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle, attaching the muscle to bone

Answer 1

Tendons

Question 2

Fibers of tendon are arranged in _____.

Answer 2

Longitudinal rows

Question 3

Fibers of tendon secrete…

Answer 3

Collagen

Question 4

Collagen is the main supportive protein of _____.

Answer 4

Connective tissue

Question 5

Tendons are _____ than ligaments, as a result of their “_____” structure, like an accordion.

Answer 5

Tendons are more elastic

“Crimped” structure

Question 6

Collagen has a _____, which means that the crimps can only straighen and recoil a certain number of times.

Answer 6

Limited life

Question 7

Therefore, there is a rapid turnover of _____ with tendons.

Answer 7

Collagen

Question 8

The production of collagen is a _____ process.

Answer 8

Continuous

Question 9

Tendons have poor _____, and that is why in an event of tendon injury the repair process is very slow.

Answer 9

Poor blood supply

Question 10

The repair process for tendons are facilitated by _____ because a tendon cannot repair itself.

Answer 10

Adjacent soft tissue

Question 11

The fact that a tendon cannot repair itself is a hindrance when injury happens in the lower legs, where there is not much _____ to assist in the repair process.

Answer 11

Adjacent tissue

Question 12

Repair is different from healing and it…

Answer 12

Leaves a scar

Question 13

_____ mimics fiber organization, but it cannot be _____.

Answer 13

Scar tissue; can’t be replicated

Question 14

Once scar tissue is damaged, a tendon will always be…

Answer 14

Weaker

Question 15

Ligaments are somewhat _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 15

Flexible, tough, and unyielding in consistency

Question 16

Ligaments differ from tendons in that they do not have a _____, thus their capacity for extension is _____.

Answer 16

Do not have a crimp

Capacity for extension is limited

Question 17

Ligaments help to limit _____. What’s an example of this?

Answer 17

The movement of joints; The lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the fetlock confine the movement to forward and backward only.

Question 18

Ligaments have _____, which makes them slow in healing after injury.

Answer 18

Poor blood supply

Question 19

Ligaments are rich in _____. What does this mean?

Answer 19

Rich in sensory nerves, which means they are very sensitive to pain

Question 20

If a joint is stretched beyond the limitations set by the ligaments, what happens?

Answer 20

A very painful sprain will occur

Question 21

These ligaments attach bone to bone at a joint, holding the bones in alignment, and they exist on both sides (lateral and medial) of the joints.

Answer 21

Collateral ligaments

Question 22

Any identical structure found on both sides of a joint is termed _____.

Answer 22

“Collateral”

Question 23

Thick sheets of dense, fibrous connective tissue that are attached to the skeleton, ligaments and tendons in places, and is adherent to many underlying muscles.

Answer 23

Fascia

Question 24

The fetlock joint is locked in place by a “_____”, impeding the joint from moving sideways.

Answer 24

Central key

Question 25

The _____ joint must be extremely stable because there is a substantial change in direction in the angle of the bones at this point.

Answer 25

Fetlock joint

Question 26

The muscle power of the upper limb in transmitted to the foot via the _____.

Answer 26

Fetlock joint

Question 27

The _____ and _____ joints have to accommodate changes of surface in the ground.

Answer 27

Pastern and coffin

Question 28

The _____ should not move sideways because it already carries a big load.

Answer 28

Fetlock

Question 29

The _____ and _____ joints should move from side to side to preserve _____, although this movement is limited by collateral ligaments.

Answer 29

Pastern and coffin joints; the soundness of the limb

Question 30

Another name for the fetlock joint is called:

Answer 30

Metacarpal-phalangeal joint

Question 31

Another name for the pastern joint is called:

Answer 31

Proximal interphalangeal joint

Question 32

Another name for the coffin joint is called:

Answer 32

Distal interphalangeal joint

Question 33

Suspensory ligament is also called:

Answer 33

The interosseus muscle

Question 34

The suspensory ligament is the _____ _____ in the _____ _____.

Answer 34

Longest ligament in the lower leg

Question 35

The main function of the suspensory ligament and apparatus is to support the _____, preventing it from _____ _____ which would result in...

Answer 35

Support the fetlock joint, preventing it from over-extending downward. This would result in straining the flexor tendons.

Question 36

The suspensory ligament holds the _____ in place and wraps itself around the _____ to insert above the _____.

Answer 36

Holds the proximal sesamoid bones in place; wraps around long pastern bone to insert above the pastern joint

Question 37

The suspensory ligament prevents...

Answer 37

The hinges from being strained

Question 38

The carpus joint is referred to as the "_____". It corresponds to the _____.

Answer 38

Knee; human wrist joint

Question 39

What are the two functions of the Carpus joint?

Answer 39

1) Flexes so limb can be lifted from the ground | 2) Stabilizes the entire forelimb while the body is propelled forward

Question 40

The degree of flexion that allows a horse to tuck up its forelegs over an obstacle or lay down is achieved with...

Answer 40

A double tier of hinges

Question 41

Unlike the human radius and ulna, there is no _____ between these two bones in the horse. Instead the ulna and radius are fused.

Answer 41

No rotation

Question 42

The _____ serves as a level for the muscles above the elbow to propel the limb forward and to bring the limb back.

Answer 42

Olecranon

Question 43

The shoulder joint is not a _____, but almost a _____ _____ _____ _____.

Answer 43

Not a hinge, but almost a horizontal ball (head of humerus) and socket (glenoid cavity of scapula)

Question 44

The shoulder joint is unique. Why?

Answer 44

It has NO ligaments of its own

Question 45

The muscles of the shoulder joint determine and limit the extent of _____ and double up as _____.

Answer 45

Limit the extent of movement; double up as ligaments

Question 46

The shoulder joint can be a _____ ______ of _____.

Answer 46

Vulnerable source of pain

Question 47

There are no joints connecting the bones of horse's _____ to the body.

Answer 47

forelimb (attached by muscles)

Question 48

The pelvic girdle protects...

Answer 48

Inner organs from being crushed by powerful muscles in butt by forming a solid housing (like a tent)

Question 49

The pelvic girdle is a very important bony structure. It tolerates different levels of _____ and propels the body _____ and _____.

Answer 49

Levels of movement; Propels the body onwards and upwards

Question 50

The broad sacrotuberal ligaments form a _____ that separates the _____ _____ and _____ _____ on the outside from inner organs.

Answer 50

Form a tent; Separates the deep muscles and sciatic nerve

Question 51

Nuchal ligament _____ each cervical vertebrae

Answer 51

Spans over

Question 52

Supraspinous ligament is _____ each vertebrae

Answer 52

On top of

Question 53

Interspinous ligaments are _____ each vertebrae

Answer 53

In between

Question 54

Ventral longitudinal ligament is _____ the spine

Answer 54

Underneath

Question 55

Intertransverse ligaments are on...

Answer 55

Transverse processes of spine

Question 56

The sacroiliac joint must remain _____ whenever the horse does

Answer 56

Intact

Question 57

Lumbar vertebrae _____; no pelvic girdle or ribs. This is a HUGE area of _____.

Answer 57

"Float" | Pain

Question 58

Movement starts in...

Answer 58

Hind quarter

Question 59

The unridden horse is very _____.

Answer 59

Sustainable

Question 60

Although, by its shape, the hip joint should allow ______ the movement is limited by the strategic placing of the muscles.

Answer 60

Considerable rotation; Keeps legs from splaying out, etc.

Question 61

The hip joint is a true _____ _____ _____ joint.

Answer 61

Ball and socket