Intro to Bones

Question 1

2 bones meet at a…

Answer 1

Joint

Question 2

Joints that require a lot of movement/wide range of movement (ex: Head of femur and acetabulum = hip joint) need a lot of _____ to _____.

Answer 2

Muscles to protect it from injury

Question 3

3 Types of Joints

Answer 3

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 4

Fibrous joints are _____. Do they ossify with age?

Answer 4

Immovable; ossify with age

Question 5

Two examples of fibrous joints are…

Answer 5

Suture = most joints of the skull
Syndesmosis = between shafts of some long bones (ex: splint bones)
ex: Cannon + 2 splint bones. Will ossify after ~6 years

Question 6

Cartilaginous joints have _____.

Answer 6

Limited movement (midline)

Question 7

Two examples of cartilaginous joints are…

Answer 7

Symphysis = fibrocartilage: pelvis for birthing
Growth plates (long bones) = hyaline cartilage grows and ossifies with age

Question 8

Synovial joints are _____.

Answer 8

Movable

Question 9

4 Examples of synovial joints are…

Answer 9

Articular cartilage = prevents friction between bones
Synovial membrane = produces lubricating synovial fluid
Fibrous joint capsule
Collateral ligaments (extra-articular)

Question 10

Any identical structure found on both sides of a joint or limb is termed…

Answer 10

Collateral

Question 11

On a long bone, what is diaphysis?

Answer 11

Shaft of the bone

Question 12

On a long bone, what is epiphysis?

Answer 12

Proximal and distal ends of the bone

Question 13

Where the growth plate (on long bone) used to be…

Answer 13

Epiphyseal line

Question 14

Covers outside of long bone; vessel-rich

Answer 14

Periosteum

Question 15

Covers end of long bone where it meets another bone in a joint

Answer 15

Articular cartilage

Question 16

Blood for the long bone is supplied by vessels on the _____ and by the nutrient artery (through the _____) carrying blood to the…

Answer 16

Periosteum; Nutrient foramen; Endosteum

Question 17

_____ means opening or perforation, Arteries, veins and nerves pass through this.

Answer 17

Foramen

Question 18

Axial bones (9)

Answer 18

Head
Mandible
Atlas
Axis
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccygeal vertebrae

Question 19

Thoracic/Forelimb bones (7)

Answer 19

Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpus
Metacarpus
Phalanges
Sesamoids

Question 20

Pelvic/Hindlimb bones (9)

Answer 20

Pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges
Sesamoids

Question 21

To force a joint beyond its boundary will result in..

Answer 21

Unsoundness

Question 22

If a joint is shaped like a hinge, then…

Answer 22

It cannot move as a ball and socket

Question 23

The sacrum is _____ fused together.

Answer 23

5 vertebrae

Question 24

The 1st cervical vertebrae is…

Answer 24

Atlas

Question 25

The 2nd cervical vertebrae is...

Answer 25

Axis

Question 26

What means a "rough area"?

Answer 26

Tuberosity

Question 27

The head of the femur articulates with?

Answer 27

Acetabulum of the pelvis

Question 28

Muscles and bone are mutually _____.

Answer 28

Dependent

Question 29

Muscles need the skeletal frame to _____.

Answer 29

Turn the power of movement into locomotion

Question 30

_____ attach to _____ by means of _____ in a strategic way to produce movement.

Answer 30

Muscles attach to bones by means of tendons

Question 31

Joints are held in alignment by elastic strong tissues called...

Answer 31

Ligaments

Question 32

Tendons: Connect _____ to _____.

Answer 32

Muscles to Bone

Question 33

Ligaments: Connect _____ to _____.

Answer 33

Bone to Bone

Question 34

Functions of the skeleton (5)

Answer 34

1. To provide a framework for other body tissues to build upon 2. To act as a system of levers for the muscles to work against, which results in movement. 3. To protect inner vital organs: brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, kidneys, digestive system, liver, etc. 4. To store Ca and P 5. To produce red and white blood cells

Question 35

The mastoid process allows the horse to...

Answer 35

Turn its head side to side

Question 36

The perforation through which the brain connects with the spinal cord

Answer 36

Foramen Magnum

Question 37

Atlas/occipital

Answer 37

"Yes" motion

Question 38

Atlas/axis

Answer 38

"No" motion

Question 39

Atlas connects cranially with...

Answer 39

Occipital bone

Question 40

Atlas connect caudally with...

Answer 40

Axis

Question 41

Cranial and Caudal extremity articulate with...

Answer 41

Other vertebrae

Question 42

Ribs articulate with what structure?

Answer 42

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 43

How many ribs total?

Answer 43

36

Question 44

What word has to do with ribs?

Answer 44

Costal

Question 45

What word has to do with cartilage?

Answer 45

Chondro

Question 46

Foramen or Foramina means...

Answer 46

Hole

Question 47

Dens or odontoid has to do with..

Answer 47

Teeth/Tooth

Question 48

Each rib articulates with...

Answer 48

TWO thoracic vertebrae

Question 49

The last cervical vertebrae articulate with the _____.

Answer 49

1st cervical vertebrae

Question 50

The 1st cervical vertebrae is an area of huge transition. It lies underneath the _____. Lots of _____ attach under the scapula. Can be a source of _____ for the horse.

Answer 50

Underneath the scapula Lots of muscles attach Can be a source of pain

Question 51

The saddle is placed on which vertebrae?

Answer 51

Thoracic. (When placed on lumber, it causes PAIN - "roach" back)

Question 52

Only _____ first ribs are attached to sternum.

Answer 52

8

Question 53

_____ are united by elastic tissue. They are called _____ ribs.

Answer 53

9-18 - Asternal

Question 54

Fused costal cartilages form...

Answer 54

Costal arch

Question 55

Horses have _____ pairs of ribs (Sometimes _____).

Answer 55

18 (Sometimes 19)