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CCEA GCSE Biology > Respiratory System, Breathing & Respiration > Flashcards

Respiratory System, Breathing & Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Alveoli

A

Small air sacs that are the site of gas exchange.

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2
Q

Bronchiole

A

Branch off the bronchi.

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3
Q

Bronchus

A

Branches off the trachea to bring air into the lungs.

Also supported by rings of cartilage.

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4
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

Waste product made by the body’s cells during Respiration.

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5
Q

Diaphragm

A

A large Dome-Shaped sheet of muscle below the ribs

  • separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity -

that aids breathing.

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6
Q

Lung

A

Organ where gas exchange occurs.

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7
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Air is warmed and filtered as it enters the body.

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8
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

Fluid found in the pleural cavity (between the pleural membrane layers).

It further reduces friction during breathing

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9
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

Thin layers that reduce friction between the lungs and the inside of the chest wall during breathing.

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10
Q

Ribs

A

Protect internal organs of the thorax.

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11
Q

Thorax

A

Part of the body between the neck and abdomen.

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12
Q

Trachea

A

Brings air into the lungs.

Supported by rings of cartilage that prevent it collapsing.

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13
Q

Exhalation

A

The action of breathing out.

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14
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Occurs in the alveoli.

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14
Q

Inhalation

A

The action of breathing in.

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15
Q

During Inhalation

A

Oxygen diffuses from the Alveoli into the Blood

to be used for respiration by the body’s cells.

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16
Q

During Exhalation

A

CO2 diffuses from the Blood

into the Alveoli and is exhaled.

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17
Q

Respiration

A

Series of Exothermic Reactions - occur in mitochondria of living cells to release energy from food molecules.

Energy can be used to produce heat, for movement, growth, reproduction and active uptake.

Uses glucose and O2 to release energy organisms need, to live.
- CO2 is a by-product of respiration.

2 types of respiration - aerobic + anaerobic.

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18
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Moist walls
  • Permeable walls
  • Extensive blood supply
  • A large diffusion gradient
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19
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Explained:

A
  • Large surface area - many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.
  • Thin walls - alveolar walls are one cell thick providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
  • Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.
  • Permeable walls - allow gases to pass through.
  • Extensive blood supply - ensuring O2 rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs.
  • A large diffusion gradient - breathing ensures that the O2 concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so O2 moves from the alveoli to the blood. CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.
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20
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Large Surface Area:

A

Many alveoli are in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.

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21
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Thin Walls:

A

Alveolar walls

  • one cell thick
  • providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
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22
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Moist Walls:

A

Gases dissolve in the moisture

helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.

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23
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Permeable Walls

A

Allow gases to pass through.

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24
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Extensive blood supply:

A

Ensuring O2 rich blood is taken away from the lungs

and CO2 rich blood is taken to the lungs.

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25
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli -

Large diffusion gradient

A

Breathing ensures;
the O2 concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so O2 moves from the alveoli to the blood.

CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.

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26
Q

Respiratory Surfaces -

In Plants:

A

Gas exchange - occurs in spongy mesophyll cells that surround air spaces in the leaves.

Many spongy mesophyll cells - in contact with the air spaces; providing large surface area for gas exchange to happen.

Spongy mesophyll cell membranes - also thin, moist and permeable; aiding gas exchange further.

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27
Q

Respiratory Surfaces -

In Plants: Gas Exchange

A

Occurs in spongy mesophyll cells that surround air spaces in the leaves.

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28
Q

Respiratory Surfaces -

In Plants: (Many) Spongy Mesophyll Cells

A

In contact with the air spaces; providing large surface area for gas exchange to happen.

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29
Q

Respiratory Surfaces -

In Plants: Spongy Mesophyll Cell Membranes

A

Thin, moist and permeable; aiding gas exchange further.

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30
Q

Respiratory Surfaces -

In Plants: Simplified

A

Gas exchange

Many spongy mesophyll cells

Spongy mesophyll cell membranes

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31
Q

Inflate

A

To fill with air.

32
Q

Deflate

A

To let air out.

33
Q

Human Thorax

A

The ribs and upper backbone, and the organs found in the chest.

34
Q

Diaphragm: Contracts and Flattens

A

Inhalation takes place - Lungs expand and fill with Oxygen

Chest Cavity enlarges

35
Q

Diaphragm Contraction

A

Pulls oxygen into lungs.

36
Q

Diaphragm: Relaxes and bounces upwards

A

Exhalation takes place -

Diaphragm moves higher into the thoracic cavity

= Pressure on Lungs; forces CO2 out of body.

Lungs Deflate.

37
Q

Diaphragm Relaxes

A

Pushes CO2 out of the body.

Diaphragm returns to dome-shape.

Volume inside Thorax decreases.

38
Q

Lungs: Increase in volume

A

Causes a Decrease in pressure.

39
Q

Lungs: Inflate as air enters

A

Until pressures inside and outside are equal.

40
Q

Lungs: Deflate as air exits

A

Until pressures inside and outside are equal.

41
Q

Lungs: Decrease in volume

A

Causes an increase in pressure.

42
Q

Diaphragm: Moves up

A

Volume inside the thorax decreases.

43
Q

Volume inside the Thorax increases

A

When: Diaphragm Contracts and Flattens

44
Q

Breathing In

A

Intercostal Muscles Contract.

Moving Ribs Up and Out.

Increasing volume of Thorax.

45
Q

Breathing Out

A

Intercostal Muscles Relax.

Moving Ribs Down and In.

Decreasing Volume of Thorax.

46
Q

Space between the lungs and Thoracic Wall

A

Very Small

47
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

Sets of Muscles between Ribs

  • Raise and lower the rib cage.
48
Q

Muscle Cells

A

Require more energy during exercise.

49
Q

During Exercise: Cells

A

Need more O2

Produce more CO2 - as a result of increased respiration.

50
Q

Blood reaches the Lungs

A

Larger volume of air is needed

To replace the O2 used

And remove the CO2 produced by this extra respiration.

51
Q

To supply more O2 to Exercising Cells

A

Body increases the rate and depth of breathing.

52
Q

Recovery Time

A

Time taken for the breathing rate to return to normal.

Can be used as a measure of fitness.

53
Q

2 types of respiration

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.

54
Q

Uses of Energy released during Respiration

A

Movement
Growth
Reproduction
Active Uptake

55
Q

Where do Exothermic Reactions occur?

A

Mitochondria of living cells

56
Q

Series of Exothermic Reactions

A

Respiration

57
Q

What happens during an Exothermic Reaction

A

Mitochondria releases energy from food molecules.

58
Q

Uses glucose and O2 to release energy organisms need, to survive

A

Respiration

59
Q

By-product of Respiration

A

CO2

60
Q

Secondary product derived from a Chemical Reaction

A

By-product

61
Q

By-product

A

Secondary product derived from a Chemical Reaction.

62
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Happens in the presence of O2.

- Releases more energy than Anaerobic Respiration.

63
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Happens in the absence of O2 - occurs during strenuous exercise/activity.

64
Q

Build up of Lactic Acid

A

Created by Strenuous Activity.

Causes Muscle soreness.

65
Q

Strenuous Activity

A

Causes Anaerobic Respiration.

Creates a build up of Lactic Acid.

66
Q

Absence of O2

A

Leads to Anaerobic Respiration.

Creates a build of Lactic Acid and causes Muscle soreness.

67
Q

Respiration that releases the most energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

68
Q

Presence of O2

A

Leads to Aerobic Respiration.

Produces more energy than Anaerobic Respiration.

69
Q

Respiration: happens in the absence of O2

A

Anaerobic Respiration

70
Q

Respiration: happens in the presence of O2

A

Aerobic Respiration

71
Q

Aerobic Respiration: Word Equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

72
Q

Aerobic Respiration: Balanced Chemical Equation:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

73
Q

Anaerobic Activity: Word Equation in Mammalian Muscle Cells

A

Glucose → lactic acid + energy

74
Q

Anaerobic Respiration: Word Equation in Yeast Cells

A

Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

75
Q

The alcohol produced is the basis of wine and beer

A

Product of Anaerobic Respiration

76
Q

Equation that produces the basis of Wine or Beer

A

Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

77
Q

Cells that produce the basis of Wine and Beer

A

Yeast Cells

78
Q

Produces alcohol

A

Yeast Cells during Anaerobic Respiration.

CCEA GCSE Biology (33 decks)

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