Respiratory System, Breathing & Respiration Flashcards
Alveoli
Small air sacs that are the site of gas exchange.
Bronchiole
Branch off the bronchi.
Bronchus
Branches off the trachea to bring air into the lungs.
Also supported by rings of cartilage.
Carbon Dioxide
Waste product made by the body’s cells during Respiration.
Diaphragm
A large Dome-Shaped sheet of muscle below the ribs
- separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity -
that aids breathing.
Lung
Organ where gas exchange occurs.
Nasal Cavity
Air is warmed and filtered as it enters the body.
Pleural Fluid
Fluid found in the pleural cavity (between the pleural membrane layers).
It further reduces friction during breathing
Pleural Membranes
Thin layers that reduce friction between the lungs and the inside of the chest wall during breathing.
Ribs
Protect internal organs of the thorax.
Thorax
Part of the body between the neck and abdomen.
Trachea
Brings air into the lungs.
Supported by rings of cartilage that prevent it collapsing.
Exhalation
The action of breathing out.
Gas Exchange
Occurs in the alveoli.
Inhalation
The action of breathing in.
During Inhalation
Oxygen diffuses from the Alveoli into the Blood
to be used for respiration by the body’s cells.
During Exhalation
CO2 diffuses from the Blood
into the Alveoli and is exhaled.
Respiration
Series of Exothermic Reactions - occur in mitochondria of living cells to release energy from food molecules.
Energy can be used to produce heat, for movement, growth, reproduction and active uptake.
Uses glucose and O2 to release energy organisms need, to live.
- CO2 is a by-product of respiration.
2 types of respiration - aerobic + anaerobic.
Adaptations of the alveoli
- Large surface area
- Thin walls
- Moist walls
- Permeable walls
- Extensive blood supply
- A large diffusion gradient
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Explained:
- Large surface area - many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.
- Thin walls - alveolar walls are one cell thick providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
- Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.
- Permeable walls - allow gases to pass through.
- Extensive blood supply - ensuring O2 rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs.
- A large diffusion gradient - breathing ensures that the O2 concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so O2 moves from the alveoli to the blood. CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Large Surface Area:
Many alveoli are in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Thin Walls:
Alveolar walls
- one cell thick
- providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Moist Walls:
Gases dissolve in the moisture
helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Permeable Walls
Allow gases to pass through.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Extensive blood supply:
Ensuring O2 rich blood is taken away from the lungs
and CO2 rich blood is taken to the lungs.
Adaptations of the alveoli -
Large diffusion gradient
Breathing ensures;
the O2 concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so O2 moves from the alveoli to the blood.
CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.
Respiratory Surfaces -
In Plants:
Gas exchange - occurs in spongy mesophyll cells that surround air spaces in the leaves.
Many spongy mesophyll cells - in contact with the air spaces; providing large surface area for gas exchange to happen.
Spongy mesophyll cell membranes - also thin, moist and permeable; aiding gas exchange further.
Respiratory Surfaces -
In Plants: Gas Exchange
Occurs in spongy mesophyll cells that surround air spaces in the leaves.
Respiratory Surfaces -
In Plants: (Many) Spongy Mesophyll Cells
In contact with the air spaces; providing large surface area for gas exchange to happen.
Respiratory Surfaces -
In Plants: Spongy Mesophyll Cell Membranes
Thin, moist and permeable; aiding gas exchange further.
Respiratory Surfaces -
In Plants: Simplified
Gas exchange
Many spongy mesophyll cells
Spongy mesophyll cell membranes
Inflate
To fill with air.
Deflate
To let air out.
Human Thorax
The ribs and upper backbone, and the organs found in the chest.
Diaphragm: Contracts and Flattens
Inhalation takes place - Lungs expand and fill with Oxygen
Chest Cavity enlarges
Diaphragm Contraction
Pulls oxygen into lungs.
Diaphragm: Relaxes and bounces upwards
Exhalation takes place -
Diaphragm moves higher into the thoracic cavity
= Pressure on Lungs; forces CO2 out of body.
Lungs Deflate.
Diaphragm Relaxes
Pushes CO2 out of the body.
Diaphragm returns to dome-shape.
Volume inside Thorax decreases.
Lungs: Increase in volume
Causes a Decrease in pressure.
Lungs: Inflate as air enters
Until pressures inside and outside are equal.
Lungs: Deflate as air exits
Until pressures inside and outside are equal.
Lungs: Decrease in volume
Causes an increase in pressure.
Diaphragm: Moves up
Volume inside the thorax decreases.
Volume inside the Thorax increases
When: Diaphragm Contracts and Flattens
Breathing In
Intercostal Muscles Contract.
Moving Ribs Up and Out.
Increasing volume of Thorax.
Breathing Out
Intercostal Muscles Relax.
Moving Ribs Down and In.
Decreasing Volume of Thorax.
Space between the lungs and Thoracic Wall
Very Small
Intercostal Muscles
Sets of Muscles between Ribs
- Raise and lower the rib cage.
Muscle Cells
Require more energy during exercise.
During Exercise: Cells
Need more O2
Produce more CO2 - as a result of increased respiration.
Blood reaches the Lungs
Larger volume of air is needed
To replace the O2 used
And remove the CO2 produced by this extra respiration.
To supply more O2 to Exercising Cells
Body increases the rate and depth of breathing.
Recovery Time
Time taken for the breathing rate to return to normal.
Can be used as a measure of fitness.
2 types of respiration
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.
Uses of Energy released during Respiration
Movement
Growth
Reproduction
Active Uptake
Where do Exothermic Reactions occur?
Mitochondria of living cells
Series of Exothermic Reactions
Respiration
What happens during an Exothermic Reaction
Mitochondria releases energy from food molecules.
Uses glucose and O2 to release energy organisms need, to survive
Respiration
By-product of Respiration
CO2
Secondary product derived from a Chemical Reaction
By-product
By-product
Secondary product derived from a Chemical Reaction.
Aerobic Respiration
- Happens in the presence of O2.
- Releases more energy than Anaerobic Respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration
Happens in the absence of O2 - occurs during strenuous exercise/activity.
Build up of Lactic Acid
Created by Strenuous Activity.
Causes Muscle soreness.
Strenuous Activity
Causes Anaerobic Respiration.
Creates a build up of Lactic Acid.
Absence of O2
Leads to Anaerobic Respiration.
Creates a build of Lactic Acid and causes Muscle soreness.
Respiration that releases the most energy
Aerobic Respiration
Presence of O2
Leads to Aerobic Respiration.
Produces more energy than Anaerobic Respiration.
Respiration: happens in the absence of O2
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration: happens in the presence of O2
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration: Word Equation
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Aerobic Respiration: Balanced Chemical Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Anaerobic Activity: Word Equation in Mammalian Muscle Cells
Glucose → lactic acid + energy
Anaerobic Respiration: Word Equation in Yeast Cells
Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
The alcohol produced is the basis of wine and beer
Product of Anaerobic Respiration
Equation that produces the basis of Wine or Beer
Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
Cells that produce the basis of Wine and Beer
Yeast Cells
Produces alcohol
Yeast Cells during Anaerobic Respiration.
