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CCEA GCSE Biology > Cells & Specialisation > Flashcards

Cells & Specialisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells

A

Tiny, microscopic units.

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2
Q

All living things are made up of them

A

Cells

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3
Q

Animal Cell Structures

A 
Cell Membrane 
Chromosomes 
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nuclear Membrane 
Nucleus
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4
Q

Plant Cell Structures

A 
Cell Membrane
Cellulose Cell Wall 
Chloroplasts 
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm 
Large Permanent Vacuole 
Mitochondria 
Nuclear Membrane 
Nucleus
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5
Q

Nucleus

3 marks

A

Control centre of the cell - containing genetic material

- arranged in the chromosomes of most cells.

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structure.

Found in Nucleus.

Made of DNA - contains genetic info of cell.

Usually occur in functional pairs in the nucleus of cells (except gametes and bacteria).

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The living substance inside a cell (not including the nucleus).

Chemical reactions take place here.

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of the cell.

Site of Cell Respiration.

Abundant in cells that need energy
(E.g Muscle Cells)

They are Structures in the cytoplasm of all cells where aerobic respiration takes place.

Singular; mitochondrion.

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9
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Selectively permeable (semi-permeable) barrier.

Surrounds cell.

Allows some substances to enter/leave the cell.

Prevents others.

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10
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Surrounds Nucleus.

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11
Q

Cellulose Cell Wall

A

Rigid structure outside the Cell Membrane.

Against Cell Wall.

Provides support.

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12
Q

Large Permanent Vacuole

A

Found within the Cytoplasm; contains Cell Sap.

When full pushes Cell Membrane against Cell Wall.

Provides support.

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in Leaf Cells.

Part of a cell that carries out photosynthesis.

Contains Chlorophyll

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14
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that traps (sun)light in order to convert:

Carbon Dioxide + Water
into —>
Glucose (Chemical Energy) + Oxygen

in a process known as Photosynthesis

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15
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-celled organisms

Lack a nucleus;
Prokaryotes

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16
Q

Bacteria Structure

A

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Non-cellulose Cell Wall
Plasmids

Do not contain a nucleus (prokaryotes)

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17
Q

Where are plasmids found in Bacteria?

A

Floating in cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Plasmids

A

Extrachromosomal DNA molecule (rings of DNA)

Found (floating) in Cytoplasm.

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19
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialised cells found in plants and animals.

Have the ability to divide; to form cells of the same type.

Can differentiate into a variety of specialised cells.

Can be harvested from embryonic umbilical cord/adult bone marrow.

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20
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Can form a full range of cell types but many at an early stage will have changed permanently into specialised cells;

which can’t specialise into anything else.

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21
Q

Stem Cells from Bone Marrow

A

Only form a limited range of cell types (blood cells)

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22
Q

Stem Cells in Plants

A

Found in apical meristems at the end of shoots and roots.

Cells produced here = able to divide until they’re in their final position in root/stem/leaf.

Specialisation can still be reversed under certain conditions - meaning scientists are able to produce large no.’s of genetically identical plants in a short period of time through cloning.

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23
Q

Differentiate

A

When a cell becomes different in order to carry out a (particular) function.

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24
Q

Specialised Cells

A

Cells adapted to carry out a particular function.

25
Q

Harvested

A

Process of collecting stem cells.

26
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

Cord that connects the foetus to the placenta - contains blood vessels

27
Q

Blood Marrow

A

Soft tissue found inside bones;

Produces new blood cells.

28
Q

Meristems

A

Tissue in growing parts of plants;

Contains Unspecialised Stem Cells.

29
Q

Cloning

A

Process that produces Genetically Identical Organisms.

30
Q

Types of Organisms

A

Single-celled

Multi-celled

31
Q

Single-celled Organisms

A

Where all life processes are carried out by 1 cell.

32
Q

Multi-celled Organisms

A

Where cells differentiate and become specialised to carry out a particular function.

33
Q

Example of Multi-celled Organism

A

Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen.

34
Q

Tissue

A

Cells with the same structure and function.

35
Q

Tissue Example

A

Muscle Tissue

36
Q

Organ

A

7 types of tissue that carry out a particular function.

37
Q

Organ tissue Example

A

Heart Organ contains Muscle and Nerve tissue.

38
Q

Organ System

A

Organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

39
Q

Example of Organ System

A

Circulatory System

40
Q

Circulatory System is made up of;

A

Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood

41
Q

Circulatory System (Transport System) Functions

A

Delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells.

Whilst removing waste products.

Provide all cells with substances like oxygen.

42
Q

Benefits of using Stem Cells in Medicine

A

Treating Leukaemia

Bone Marrow Transplant

43
Q

How are Stem Cells used to treat Leukaemia?

A

Chemo/radiotherapy destroy WBC in the patients body.

Stopping Bone Marrow from producing new blood cells.

44
Q

How are Stem Cells used in a Bone Marrow Transplant?

A

Transplant containing stem cells from a matching donor - allows healthy blood cells to be made in the patient.

45
Q

WBC

A

White Blood Cells

46
Q

RBC

A

Red Blood Cells

47
Q

Risks of using Stem Cells in Medicine

A

Infection from Environment or Donor.

Division of Stem Cells - leading to a tumour or unwanted cell types.

Transfer of Viruses/Diseases.

48
Q

Risks of using Stem Cells in Medicine:

Infection from Environment or Donor

A

As Chemo/Radiotherapy leave the patient with No Immune System.

49
Q

Risks of using Stem Cells in Medicine:

Division of Stem Cells - leading to a tumour or unwanted cell types

A

(Stem) Cell division in an uncontrolled manner may lead to the formation of Tumours or the development of Unwanted Cell Types.

50
Q

Risks of using Stem Cells in Medicine:

Transfer of Viruses/Diseases

A

From other animals.

51
Q

Ethical Issues with the use of Stem Cells in Medicine

A

Use of Embryonic Stem Cells.

And Governments Controlling Research in this area.

52
Q

Ethical

A

Relating to moral principles

Or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

53
Q

Peer Review

A

New research carried out in any field of science is validated/ rejected

By groups of other scientists/experts in the same field

To ensure any conclusion drawn from scientific investigations are correct.

54
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The use of chemicals to treat cancer.

Chemicals used are highly toxic to cells that divide rapidly.

55
Q

Where do Chromosomes usually occur?

A

Usually occur in functional pairs in the nucleus of cells (except gametes and bacteria).

56
Q

Stem Cell: Simplified

A

A type of stem cell found in the embryo, capable of dividing into almost any cell type.

57
Q

Immune System

A

Body’s defence system against entry of any foreign body, including pathogens and agents such as pollen grains.

Role; to prevent disease.

58
Q

Leukaemia

A

Type of cancer that affects the WBC.

59
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Treatment of cancer with X-rays or gamma rays.

CCEA GCSE Biology (33 decks)

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