Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CCEA GCSE Biology > Defence Mechanisms > Flashcards

Defence Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody 


2 marks

A

Chemical produced by a lymphocyte in response to an antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antigen

(2 marks)


A

A marker on a microorganism that causes the body to produce antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antimicrobial 


2 marks

A

Substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aseptic Techniques

3 marks

A

Name given to the laboratory procedures carried out to prevent the contamination of pure cultures of microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Communicable 


2 marks

A

A disease that can be passed from one organism to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Immobilise

(1 mark)


A

Prevent something from moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Incubate

2 marks

A

To keep a sample of microbes warm so that the cells reproduce quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphocytes

(3 marks)


A

WBC’s which attack pathogens by producing antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microorganism 


2 marks

A

Microscopic (too small to see) organisms, such as bacteria + viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phagocytosis; Simplified


2 marks

A

Process of the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Respiratory System 


2 marks

A

Organ system where air is taken into + out of the body + gas exchange happens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vaccine

3 marks

A

Substance which stimulates the body to produce antibodies to provide immunity against a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Defence mechanisms

2 marks

A

Help the body protect itself against the entry of microorganisms + resulting communicable diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If a microorganism does enter the body

1 mark

A

Mechanisms in place to destroy it quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Preventing Entry of Microorganisms in Body

3 marks

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Blood clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prevention of microorganisms into body;
Skin

(1 mark)

A

Barrier to microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prevention of Microorganisms into body;
Mucous Membranes

(2 marks)

A

Present in the respiratory system to trap microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prevention of Microorganisms into Body;
Blood clotting

(3 marks)

A

Stops blood escaping + prevents entry of microorganisms where the skin has been damaged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Entry of a microorganism into the Body

2 marks

A

May cause us to be sick while our body fights the infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Invading microorganisms

2 marks

A

Have antigens on their surface that the human body can recognise as being foreign.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Foreign Body

1 mark

A

Not belonging to the Body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When the body recognises a foreign antigen

5 marks

A

Lymphocytes (WBC’s) produce antibodies

  • complementary in shape to the antigen
  • Antibodies immobilise microorganisms before being destroyed by phagocytosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antibodies - complementary in shape to the _______.

1 mark

A

Antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An antibody will only work on ______________.

2 marks

A

1 type of microorganism

- because of this complementary nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do Antibodies immobilise microorganisms? | 1 mark
By clumping them together.
26
What does Immobilisation of the microorganism do? | 2 marks
Reduces symptoms + prevents the spread of infection.
27
After immobilisation of Microorganisms; the clump of microorganisms (1 mark)
Is then destroyed by phagocytosis.
28
Phagocytosis | 4 marks
When a phagocyte (WBC) engulfs + digests the microorganisms.
29
During Phagocytosis | 3 marks
Enzymes within the phagocyte digest the microorganism.
30
Primary Response To Microorganisms entering the Body | 4 marks
Infected individual will be sick - while lymphocytes work to produce enough antibodies to provide immunity.
31
During Primary Response (to Microorganisms entering the Body); the body will make (2 marks)
Memory lymphocytes that remain in the body for years.
32
Secondary Response to Microorganisms entering the Body | 5 marks
If the same microorganism is encountered as found in the Primary Response - Memory lymphocytes produce high numbers of the correct antibody quickly preventing the person getting sick again.
33
Immunity | 3 marks
If you have a high enough antibody level to protect you against a particular infection, you are immune.
34
Active immunity | 3 marks
When the body is activated + produces the antibodies needed to fight an infection.
35
Active immunity is: | 2 marks
- Slow acting | - Provides long-lasting protection.
36
Natural Active Immunity | 2 marks
Primary response when a microorganism enters the body.
37
Vaccines provide | 1 mark
Artificial active immunity
38
Passive immunity | 3 marks
When ready-made antibodies, from another source, are introduced to the body.
39
Passive immunity is: | 2 marks
- Fast acting | - Only lasts a short period of time.
40
Source of Natural Passive Immunity | 1 mark
Breastfeeding
41
Anti-venom | 2 marks
Provides artificial passive immunity after a poisonous bite.
42
Active Immunity - Vaccinations | 2 marks
The injection of dead or modified microorganisms.
43
Body’s response to Vaccines | 5 marks
Body’s lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to the antigens present in the vaccine. Memory lymphocytes produced (primary response).
44
If the microorganism is encountered after the vaccine | 4 marks
Memory lymphocytes will produce large numbers of the antibody very quickly. Individual does not get sick (Secondary Response).
45
Booster vaccination | 2 marks
Sometimes needed to maintain the high levels of antibodies needed to provide immunity.
46
Antibiotics | 3 marks
Chemicals produced by fungi that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria.
47
First antibiotic discovered | 1 mark
Penicillin
48
Era Penicillin was discovered | 1 mark
1920s
49
Discovered Penicillin | 1 mark
Alexander Fleming
50
How Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin | 5 marks
Investigating Bacteria - fungus (a mould) had contaminated one of his bacterial cultures. - it did not grow near fungus.
51
Conclusion of Alexander Flemings discovery of Antibiotics | 3 marks
Antibacterial substance was diffusing out of the fungus, preventing the growth of the bacteria.
52
Era a pure form of Penicillin was first produced | 1 mark
1940s
53
2 scientists who produced a pure form of Penicillin | 2 marks
Florey and Chain
54
Alexander Fleming was unable to | 1 mark
Produce a Pure Form of Penicillin
55
Began a large-scale production of penicillin. | 2 marks
Florey and Chain
56
Used to produce Penicillin + other antibiotics commercially. | 1 mark
Carefully controlled conditions
57
The Fungi that make Penicillin are | 7 marks
grown in large biodigesters or fermenters that create the perfect conditions for fungal growth. penicillin is then extracted, purified + packaged in a process known as downstreaming.
58
From Biodigesters or Fermenters Penicillin is | 4 marks
Extracted, purified + packaged in a process known as downstreaming.
59
Create the perfect conditions for fungal growth | 2 marks
Biodigesters or fermenters
60
What is Penicillin extracted from? | 2 marks
Fungus (mould)
61
Downstreaming in Penicillin | 3 marks
Packaging of Penicillin after Extraction + Purification.
62
Preclinical Trials | 2 marks
- In-vitro testing | - Animal testing
63
First Preclinical Trial | 1 mark
In-vitro testing
64
Second Preclinical Trial | 1 mark
Animal Testing
65
In-vitro testing | 4 marks
First Preclinical trial | - involves testing a drug in a lab on cells + tissues.
66
Animal Testing | 4 marks
Second Preclinical Trial - allows scientists to check how well the drug works on an entire living organism. - Computer modelling is also carried out at this stage.
67
Computer modelling | 3 marks
Carried out during Preclinical Trials during Animal Testing (Second Trial)
68
Preclinical trials are necessary to: | 2 marks
- Check if the drug is poisonous or harmful. | - Check how effective the drug is.
69
Clinical trials will occur if | 2 marks
The preclinical trials prove that the drug works + has no harmful side effects.
70
Who is involved in Clinical Trials? | 2 marks
Small groups of healthy, human volunteers with the groups eventually becoming larger.
71
What do participants get in return for taking part in Clinical Trials? (3 marks)
Sometimes paid - some are willing to help medical research for free - Some potentially benefit from the drug.
72
Clinical trials are necessary to | 2 marks
Determine the correct dosage required - If successful the drug can be licensed for use.
73
Peer Review | 6 marks
Where scientific research (including drug development) - new research + discoveries are scrutinised by other experts in the same field - is tested + validated to ensure any conclusions from the research are correct.
74
After Peer Reviews; After reviewers provide feedback (1 mark)
Results of the research can be published.
75
Antibiotics are | 1 mark
- used to treat bacterial infections.
76
Antibiotics aren’t | 3 marks
As specific as antibodies - meaning an antibiotic can be used to treat more than 1 type of bacterial infection.
77
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria | 2 marks
Bacteria resistant to antibiotics - making them ineffective.
78
Overuse of Antibiotics | 3 marks
Responsible for antibiotic resistance - as it has allowed bacteria to mutate + become resistant.
79
Superbugs | 2 marks
Bacteria resistant to many antibiotics (e.g. MRSA).
80
Why are ‘superbugs’ such a serious problem in hospitals? | 4 marks
- Patients have weak immune systems. - Possible open wounds that allow the entry of microorganisms. - Environment is antibiotic-rich.
81
The Problem with Antibiotic-Rich Environments | 2 marks
Microorganisms come into contact with many different antibiotics promoting resistance.
82
Preventing the spread of superbugs in hospital | 3 marks
- Increased hygiene - Greater care when administering antibiotics. - Isolate ‘superbug’ patients from other patients.
83
Examples of Hygiene in Hospitals | 5 marks
- Wear gloves - Clean up bodily fluids immediately - Wash hands - Disinfect surfaces - Disposable equipment
84
Plant Defence Mechanisms | 2 marks
Plants defences developed to fight against infectious microorganisms.
85
Plants Defence Mechanisms; Structural defences (4 marks)
- Waxy cuticle; prevent microorganisms entering the leaf. | - Thick cell walls; prevent microorganisms entering the cells.
86
Plants Defence Mechanisms; Chemical Defences (3 marks)
Plants can produce chemicals that kill infectious microorganisms (bacteria/viruses/fungi).
87
Examples of Plants Chemical Defences | 7 marks
- Antimicrobial chemicals produced by mint can kill or reduce the growth of bacteria. - A chemical (digitalis) made by foxgloves is poisonous to slugs + other animals that feed on it.
88
Types of Plants Defence Mechanisms | 2 marks
Structural + Chemical

CCEA GCSE Biology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions