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CCEA GCSE Biology > Defence Mechanisms > Flashcards

Defence Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibody 


2 marks

A

Chemical produced by a lymphocyte in response to an antigen.

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2
Q

Antigen

(2 marks)


A

A marker on a microorganism that causes the body to produce antibodies.

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3
Q

Antimicrobial 


2 marks

A

Substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.

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4
Q

Aseptic Techniques

3 marks

A

Name given to the laboratory procedures carried out to prevent the contamination of pure cultures of microorganisms.

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5
Q

Communicable 


2 marks

A

A disease that can be passed from one organism to another.

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6
Q

Immobilise

(1 mark)


A

Prevent something from moving.

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7
Q

Incubate

2 marks

A

To keep a sample of microbes warm so that the cells reproduce quickly.

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8
Q

Lymphocytes

(3 marks)


A

WBC’s which attack pathogens by producing antibodies.

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9
Q

Microorganism 


2 marks

A

Microscopic (too small to see) organisms, such as bacteria + viruses.

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10
Q

Phagocytosis; Simplified


2 marks

A

Process of the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.

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11
Q

Respiratory System 


2 marks

A

Organ system where air is taken into + out of the body + gas exchange happens.

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12
Q

Vaccine

3 marks

A

Substance which stimulates the body to produce antibodies to provide immunity against a disease.

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13
Q

Defence mechanisms

2 marks

A

Help the body protect itself against the entry of microorganisms + resulting communicable diseases.

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14
Q

If a microorganism does enter the body

1 mark

A

Mechanisms in place to destroy it quickly.

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15
Q

Preventing Entry of Microorganisms in Body

3 marks

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Blood clotting
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16
Q

Prevention of microorganisms into body;
Skin

(1 mark)

A

Barrier to microorganisms.

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17
Q

Prevention of Microorganisms into body;
Mucous Membranes

(2 marks)

A

Present in the respiratory system to trap microorganisms.

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18
Q

Prevention of Microorganisms into Body;
Blood clotting

(3 marks)

A

Stops blood escaping + prevents entry of microorganisms where the skin has been damaged.

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19
Q

Entry of a microorganism into the Body

2 marks

A

May cause us to be sick while our body fights the infection.

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20
Q

Invading microorganisms

2 marks

A

Have antigens on their surface that the human body can recognise as being foreign.

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21
Q

Foreign Body

1 mark

A

Not belonging to the Body.

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22
Q

When the body recognises a foreign antigen

5 marks

A

Lymphocytes (WBC’s) produce antibodies

  • complementary in shape to the antigen
  • Antibodies immobilise microorganisms before being destroyed by phagocytosis.
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23
Q

Antibodies - complementary in shape to the _______.

1 mark

A

Antigen

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24
Q

An antibody will only work on ______________.

2 marks

A

1 type of microorganism

- because of this complementary nature.

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25
Q

How do Antibodies immobilise microorganisms?

1 mark

A

By clumping them together.

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26
Q

What does Immobilisation of the microorganism do?

2 marks

A

Reduces symptoms + prevents the spread of infection.

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27
Q

After immobilisation of Microorganisms; the clump of microorganisms

(1 mark)

A

Is then destroyed by phagocytosis.

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28
Q

Phagocytosis

4 marks

A

When a phagocyte (WBC) engulfs + digests the microorganisms.

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29
Q

During Phagocytosis

3 marks

A

Enzymes within the phagocyte digest the microorganism.

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30
Q

Primary Response To Microorganisms entering the Body

4 marks

A

Infected individual will be sick

  • while lymphocytes work to produce enough antibodies to provide immunity.
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31
Q

During Primary Response (to Microorganisms entering the Body);
the body will make

(2 marks)

A

Memory lymphocytes that remain in the body for years.

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32
Q

Secondary Response to Microorganisms entering the Body

5 marks

A

If the same microorganism is encountered as found in the Primary Response

  • Memory lymphocytes produce high numbers of the correct antibody quickly preventing the person getting sick again.
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33
Q

Immunity

3 marks

A

If you have a high enough antibody level to protect you against a particular infection, you are immune.

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34
Q

Active immunity

3 marks

A

When the body is activated + produces the antibodies needed to fight an infection.

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35
Q

Active immunity is:

2 marks

A
  • Slow acting

- Provides long-lasting protection.

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36
Q

Natural Active Immunity

2 marks

A

Primary response when a microorganism enters the body.

37
Q

Vaccines provide

1 mark

A

Artificial active immunity

38
Q

Passive immunity

3 marks

A

When ready-made antibodies, from another source, are introduced to the body.

39
Q

Passive immunity is:

2 marks

A
  • Fast acting

- Only lasts a short period of time.

40
Q

Source of Natural Passive Immunity

1 mark

A

Breastfeeding

41
Q

Anti-venom

2 marks

A

Provides artificial passive immunity after a poisonous bite.

42
Q

Active Immunity - Vaccinations

2 marks

A

The injection of dead or modified microorganisms.

43
Q

Body’s response to Vaccines

5 marks

A

Body’s lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to the antigens present in the vaccine.

Memory lymphocytes produced (primary response).

44
Q

If the microorganism is encountered after the vaccine

4 marks

A

Memory lymphocytes will produce large numbers of the antibody very quickly.

Individual does not get sick (Secondary Response).

45
Q

Booster vaccination

2 marks

A

Sometimes needed to maintain the high levels of antibodies needed to provide immunity.

46
Q

Antibiotics

3 marks

A

Chemicals produced by fungi that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria.

47
Q

First antibiotic discovered

1 mark

A

Penicillin

48
Q

Era Penicillin was discovered

1 mark

A

1920s

49
Q

Discovered Penicillin

1 mark

A

Alexander Fleming

50
Q

How Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin

5 marks

A

Investigating Bacteria - fungus (a mould) had contaminated one of his bacterial cultures.

  • it did not grow near fungus.
51
Q

Conclusion of Alexander Flemings discovery of Antibiotics

3 marks

A

Antibacterial substance was diffusing out of the fungus, preventing the growth of the bacteria.

52
Q

Era a pure form of Penicillin was first produced

1 mark

A

1940s

53
Q

2 scientists who produced a pure form of Penicillin

2 marks

A

Florey and Chain

54
Q

Alexander Fleming was unable to

1 mark

A

Produce a Pure Form of Penicillin

55
Q

Began a large-scale production of penicillin.

2 marks

A

Florey and Chain

56
Q

Used to produce Penicillin + other antibiotics commercially.

1 mark

A

Carefully controlled conditions

57
Q

The Fungi that make Penicillin are

7 marks

A

grown in large biodigesters or fermenters that create the perfect conditions for fungal growth.

penicillin is then extracted, purified + packaged in a process known as downstreaming.

58
Q

From Biodigesters or Fermenters Penicillin is

4 marks

A

Extracted, purified + packaged in a process known as downstreaming.

59
Q

Create the perfect conditions for fungal growth

2 marks

A

Biodigesters or fermenters

60
Q

What is Penicillin extracted from?

2 marks

A

Fungus (mould)

61
Q

Downstreaming in Penicillin

3 marks

A

Packaging of Penicillin after Extraction + Purification.

62
Q

Preclinical Trials

2 marks

A
  • In-vitro testing

- Animal testing

63
Q

First Preclinical Trial

1 mark

A

In-vitro testing

64
Q

Second Preclinical Trial

1 mark

A

Animal Testing

65
Q

In-vitro testing

4 marks

A

First Preclinical trial

- involves testing a drug in a lab on cells + tissues.

66
Q

Animal Testing

4 marks

A

Second Preclinical Trial

  • allows scientists to check how well the drug works on an entire living organism.
  • Computer modelling is also carried out at this stage.
67
Q

Computer modelling

3 marks

A

Carried out during Preclinical Trials during Animal Testing (Second Trial)

68
Q

Preclinical trials are necessary to:

2 marks

A
  • Check if the drug is poisonous or harmful.

- Check how effective the drug is.

69
Q

Clinical trials will occur if

2 marks

A

The preclinical trials prove that the drug works + has no harmful side effects.

70
Q

Who is involved in Clinical Trials?

2 marks

A

Small groups of healthy, human volunteers with the groups eventually becoming larger.

71
Q

What do participants get in return for taking part in Clinical Trials?

(3 marks)

A

Sometimes paid - some are willing to help medical research for free

  • Some potentially benefit from the drug.
72
Q

Clinical trials are necessary to

2 marks

A

Determine the correct dosage required

  • If successful the drug can be licensed for use.
73
Q

Peer Review

6 marks

A

Where scientific research (including drug development)

  • new research + discoveries are scrutinised by other experts in the same field
  • is tested + validated to ensure any conclusions from the research are correct.
74
Q

After Peer Reviews;
After reviewers provide feedback

(1 mark)

A

Results of the research can be published.

75
Q

Antibiotics are

1 mark

A
  • used to treat bacterial infections.
76
Q

Antibiotics aren’t

3 marks

A

As specific as antibodies

  • meaning an antibiotic can be used to treat more than 1 type of bacterial infection.
77
Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

2 marks

A

Bacteria resistant to antibiotics - making them ineffective.

78
Q

Overuse of Antibiotics

3 marks

A

Responsible for antibiotic resistance

  • as it has allowed bacteria to mutate + become resistant.
79
Q

Superbugs

2 marks

A

Bacteria resistant to many antibiotics (e.g. MRSA).

80
Q

Why are ‘superbugs’ such a serious problem in hospitals?

4 marks

A
  • Patients have weak immune systems.
  • Possible open wounds that allow the entry of microorganisms.
  • Environment is antibiotic-rich.
81
Q

The Problem with Antibiotic-Rich Environments

2 marks

A

Microorganisms come into contact with many different antibiotics promoting resistance.

82
Q

Preventing the spread of superbugs in hospital

3 marks

A
  • Increased hygiene
  • Greater care when administering antibiotics.
  • Isolate ‘superbug’ patients from other patients.
83
Q

Examples of Hygiene in Hospitals

5 marks

A
  • Wear gloves
  • Clean up bodily fluids immediately
  • Wash hands
  • Disinfect surfaces
  • Disposable equipment
84
Q

Plant Defence Mechanisms

2 marks

A

Plants defences developed to fight against infectious microorganisms.

85
Q

Plants Defence Mechanisms;
Structural defences

(4 marks)

A
  • Waxy cuticle; prevent microorganisms entering the leaf.

- Thick cell walls; prevent microorganisms entering the cells.

86
Q

Plants Defence Mechanisms;
Chemical Defences

(3 marks)

A

Plants can produce chemicals that kill infectious microorganisms (bacteria/viruses/fungi).

87
Q

Examples of Plants Chemical Defences

7 marks

A
  • Antimicrobial chemicals produced by mint can kill or reduce the growth of bacteria.
  • A chemical (digitalis) made by foxgloves is poisonous to slugs + other animals that feed on it.
88
Q

Types of Plants Defence Mechanisms

2 marks

A

Structural + Chemical

CCEA GCSE Biology (33 decks)

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