Too much sugar/ fat can cause obesity; - also means the individual is not getting a balanced diet + is missing out on essential vitamins + minerals.

Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards by Holly K

HPV

1 mark

Human papilloma virus. 

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Coronary Artery

3 marks

Small artery that supplies the heart muscle with glucose + O2. 

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Non-Communicable Diseases

2 marks

Is not passed from one organism to another - not infectious.

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Non-Communicable Diseases can be:

5 marks

Inherited – some people carry a gene that predisposes them to some conditions (e.g. some cancers)
Caused by lifestyle factors including: a poor diet, lack of exercise, overexposure to the sun, misuse of drugs.

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Inherited

2 marks

Some people carry a gene that predisposes them to some conditions (e.g. some cancers)

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Poor diet

5 marks

Too much sugar/ fat can cause obesity;

also means the individual is not getting a balanced diet + is missing out on essential vitamins + minerals.

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Obesity

5 marks

Can cause cardiovascular diseases + Type 2 diabetes.

Also can mean the individual is not getting a balanced diet + is missing out on essential vitamins + minerals.

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Lack of exercise

4 marks

Strengthens our bones + heart + can help improve our mood.

Taking in more energy than what is used during exercise can cause obesity

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Overexposure to the Sun

4 marks

Too much UV radiation from the Sun or sunbeds can cause mutations in the skin that can lead to skin cancer

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How to prevent skin cancer

2 marks

Spending less time in the sun + using sunscreen.

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Misuse of drugs

2 marks

Smoking/drinking too much alcohol can be harmful to our health.

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Misuse of drugs - Alcohol

2 marks

Binge drinking can cause harm to the individual + others.

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Drink alcohol

1 mark

Safe in moderation.

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Binge drinking

2 marks

When a large amount of alcohol is consumed over a short period of time.

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Drinking alcohol excessively over a long period of time can

2 marks

Damage the liver + other organs.

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Drinking heavily during pregnancy

1 mark

Can cause Foetal Alcohol Syndrome.

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Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

2 marks

Serious brain damage to the foetus, caused by binge drinking during pregnancy.

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Tar in Cigarettes

3 marks

Causes Bronchitis, Lung Cancer + Emphysema.

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Bronchitis

2 marks

Narrowing of the bronchi + bronchioles.

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Emphysema

2 marks

Alveolar damage - reducing the surface area of gas exchange.

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Lung cancer

1 mark

Abnormal cell division.

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Nicotine in Cigarettes

2 marks

Addictive + affects heart rate.

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Carbon Monoxide from Cigarettes

2 marks

Combines with RBC’s - reducing their O2 carrying capacity.

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Smoking Bans Benefits

2 marks

Effective at reducing passive smoking + encouraging people to stop smoking.

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E-cigarettes Benefit | 1 mark

Help people to stop smoking.

E-Cigarettes Cons | 2 marks

Some argue that the inclusion of nicotine can encourage some to start smoking.

Cardiovascular Diseases | 3 marks

Caused by the buildup of cholesterol + other fatty substances within the body’s arteries.

Coronary Heart Disease | 4 marks

Cholesterol causes the coronary arteries to become narrow, restricting blood flow to the organ it is supplying.

Stroke | 8 marks

Cholesterol builds up in an artery in the brain - Artery becomes narrower as a blockage/clot forms. Blood flow is restricted - part of the brain is starved of Glucose & O2 ; Respiration is reduced or stopped. Brain cells die.

A stroke can cause | 1 mark

Paralysis

Paralysis | 1 mark

Reduced brain function.

Cause of Paralysis | 1 mark

Stroke

Prevention of Cardiovascular diseases: | 4 marks

- Reduce fat intake - Stop smoking - Reduce stress - Increase exercise

Treatments of Cardiovascular Diseases | 3 marks

- Angioplasty - Stents - Drugs

Angiograph | 1 mark

Allows doctors to see inside a blood vessel.

Angioplasty & Stents | 8 marks

Angiograph - allows doctors to see inside a blood vessel. Dye added to blood - provide the contrast necessary to view the affected blood vessel. Balloon like structures - inserted to hold the blood vessel open Stent - inserted to keep the blood vessel open.

Dye added to blood during Angioplasty | 2 marks

Provide the contrast necessary to view the affected blood vessel.

Use of Balloon like Structures during Angioplasty | 2 marks

Inserted to hold the blood vessel open | - before a Stent is inserted.

Stent | 1 mark

Inserted to keep the blood vessel open.

Drug therapy for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases | 4 marks

Statins + Aspirin - reduce the risk of a clot + therefore a heart attack or stroke.

Statins + Aspirin | 2 marks

Given to individuals at risk of a heart attack or stroke or who have already had one.

Statins | 1 mark

Reduce blood cholesterol levels.

Aspirin | 2 marks

Thing the blood, making it less sticky.

Cancer | 2 marks

Uncontrolled cell division that can lead to the development of a tumour.

2 types of tumour: | 2 marks

Benign + Malignant

Benign Tumour | 3 marks

- Encapsulated: surrounded by a boundary or capsule | - Do not spread

Malignant Tumour | 3 marks

- Less likely to be encapsulated - Capable of spreading - Usually more dangerous

Why are Malignant Tumour capable of spreading? | 2 marks

Because groups of cancer cells can break off the primary tumour causing secondary tumours around the body

Cancer Prevention | 6 marks

- HPV vaccine; protect against cervical cancer. - Stop smoking; it can cause lung cancer. - Reduce exposure to UV light; it can cause skin cancer.

HPV vaccine | 2 marks

Vaccine given to 12-13 year old girls to protect against cervical cancer.

Cancer commonly caused by smoking | 1 mark

Lung Cancer

Cancer commonly caused by repeated exposure to UV light | 1 mark

Skin Cancer

Benefits of early detection of cancer | 2 marks

Can improve survival rates because the tumour may be smaller + may not have spread.

Screening programmes | 1 mark

Can detect Cancer as early as possible.

Women over a certain age or with a particular medical history are screened for what types of Cancer? (2 mark)

Breast + cervical cancer.

Males + females over 60 are given the opportunity to be screened for what Cancer? (1 mark)

Bowel Cancer

How can Testicular + Skin Cancer be identified? | 1 mark

By self-examination.

Cancer Treatment options | 4 marks

Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy + Immunotherapy

Cancer Treatment; Surgery (1 mark)

Cancer cells are removed from the body.

Disadvantage of Surgery as a Cancer Treatment | 2 marks

Less effective if the tumour has spread or is inaccessible.

Cancer Treatment; Radiotherapy (1 mark)

X-rays are used to kill cancer cells.

Advantage of Radiotherapy as a Cancer Treatment | 1 mark

Very accurate at targeting even small tumours.

Disadvantage of Radiotherapy as a Cancer Treatment | 1 mark

Normal cells can also be killed on exposure to the X-rays.

Cancer Treatment; Chemotherapy (1 mark)

Drugs are used to kill cancer cells anywhere in the body.

Disadvantages of Chemotherapy as a Cancer Treatment | 2 marks

- Normal cells can also be killed. | - Side effects (e.g. hair loss).

Cancer Treatment; Immunotherapy (4 marks)

Antibodies that attach to cancer cell antigens are injected into the body. Phagocytes can then locate and destroy cancer cells.

Advantage of Immunotherapy as a Cancer Treatment | 2 marks

A targeted treatment with fewer side effects than other treatments.