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CCEA GCSE Biology > Non-Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

HPV

1 mark

A

Human papilloma virus.


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2
Q

Coronary Artery

3 marks

A

Small artery that supplies the heart muscle with glucose + O2.


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3
Q

Non-Communicable Diseases

2 marks

A

Is not passed from one organism to another - not infectious.

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4
Q

Non-Communicable Diseases can be:

5 marks

A
  • Inherited – some people carry a gene that predisposes them to some conditions (e.g. some cancers)
  • Caused by lifestyle factors including: a poor diet, lack of exercise, overexposure to the sun, misuse of drugs.
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5
Q

Inherited

2 marks

A

Some people carry a gene that predisposes them to some conditions (e.g. some cancers)

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6
Q

Poor diet

5 marks

A

Too much sugar/ fat can cause obesity;

  • also means the individual is not getting a balanced diet + is missing out on essential vitamins + minerals.
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7
Q

Obesity

5 marks

A

Can cause cardiovascular diseases + Type 2 diabetes.

Also can mean the individual is not getting a balanced diet + is missing out on essential vitamins + minerals.

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8
Q

Lack of exercise

4 marks

A

Strengthens our bones + heart + can help improve our mood.

  • Taking in more energy than what is used during exercise can cause obesity
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9
Q

Overexposure to the Sun

4 marks

A

Too much UV radiation from the Sun or sunbeds can cause mutations in the skin that can lead to skin cancer

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10
Q

How to prevent skin cancer

2 marks

A

Spending less time in the sun + using sunscreen.

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11
Q

Misuse of drugs

2 marks

A

Smoking/drinking too much alcohol can be harmful to our health.

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12
Q

Misuse of drugs - Alcohol

2 marks

A

Binge drinking can cause harm to the individual + others.

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13
Q

Drink alcohol

1 mark

A

Safe in moderation.

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14
Q

Binge drinking

2 marks

A

When a large amount of alcohol is consumed over a short period of time.

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15
Q

Drinking alcohol excessively over a long period of time can

2 marks

A

Damage the liver + other organs.

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16
Q

Drinking heavily during pregnancy

1 mark

A

Can cause Foetal Alcohol Syndrome.

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17
Q

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

2 marks

A

Serious brain damage to the foetus, caused by binge drinking during pregnancy.

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18
Q

Tar in Cigarettes

3 marks

A

Causes Bronchitis, Lung Cancer + Emphysema.

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19
Q

Bronchitis

2 marks

A

Narrowing of the bronchi + bronchioles.

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20
Q

Emphysema

2 marks

A

Alveolar damage - reducing the surface area of gas exchange.

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21
Q

Lung cancer

1 mark

A

Abnormal cell division.

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22
Q

Nicotine in Cigarettes

2 marks

A

Addictive + affects heart rate.

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23
Q

Carbon Monoxide from Cigarettes

2 marks

A

Combines with RBC’s - reducing their O2 carrying capacity.

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24
Q

Smoking Bans Benefits

2 marks

A

Effective at reducing passive smoking + encouraging people to stop smoking.

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25
Q

E-cigarettes Benefit

1 mark

A

Help people to stop smoking.

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26
Q

E-Cigarettes Cons

2 marks

A

Some argue that the inclusion of nicotine can encourage some to start smoking.

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27
Q

Cardiovascular Diseases

3 marks

A

Caused by the buildup of cholesterol + other fatty substances within the body’s arteries.

28
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

4 marks

A

Cholesterol causes the coronary arteries to become narrow, restricting blood flow to the organ it is supplying.

29
Q

Stroke

8 marks

A

Cholesterol builds up in an artery in the brain - Artery becomes narrower as a blockage/clot forms.

Blood flow is restricted - part of the brain is starved of Glucose & O2 ; Respiration is reduced or stopped.

Brain cells die.

30
Q

A stroke can cause

1 mark

A

Paralysis

31
Q

Paralysis

1 mark

A

Reduced brain function.

32
Q

Cause of Paralysis

1 mark

A

Stroke

33
Q

Prevention of Cardiovascular diseases:

4 marks

A
  • Reduce fat intake
  • Stop smoking
  • Reduce stress
  • Increase exercise
34
Q

Treatments of Cardiovascular Diseases

3 marks

A
  • Angioplasty
  • Stents
  • Drugs
35
Q

Angiograph

1 mark

A

Allows doctors to see inside a blood vessel.

36
Q

Angioplasty & Stents

8 marks

A

Angiograph - allows doctors to see inside a blood vessel.

Dye added to blood - provide the contrast necessary to view the affected blood vessel.

Balloon like structures - inserted to hold the blood vessel open

Stent - inserted to keep the blood vessel open.

37
Q

Dye added to blood during Angioplasty

2 marks

A

Provide the contrast necessary to view the affected blood vessel.

38
Q

Use of Balloon like Structures during Angioplasty

2 marks

A

Inserted to hold the blood vessel open

- before a Stent is inserted.

39
Q

Stent

1 mark

A

Inserted to keep the blood vessel open.

40
Q

Drug therapy for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

4 marks

A

Statins + Aspirin

  • reduce the risk of a clot + therefore a heart attack or stroke.
41
Q

Statins + Aspirin

2 marks

A

Given to individuals at risk of a heart attack or stroke or who have already had one.

42
Q

Statins

1 mark

A

Reduce blood cholesterol levels.

43
Q

Aspirin

2 marks

A

Thing the blood, making it less sticky.

44
Q

Cancer

2 marks

A

Uncontrolled cell division that can lead to the development of a tumour.

45
Q

2 types of tumour:

2 marks

A

Benign + Malignant

46
Q

Benign Tumour

3 marks

A
  • Encapsulated: surrounded by a boundary or capsule

- Do not spread

47
Q

Malignant Tumour

3 marks

A
  • Less likely to be encapsulated
  • Capable of spreading
  • Usually more dangerous
48
Q

Why are Malignant Tumour capable of spreading?

2 marks

A

Because groups of cancer cells can break off the primary tumour causing secondary tumours around the body

49
Q

Cancer Prevention

6 marks

A
  • HPV vaccine; protect against cervical cancer.
  • Stop smoking; it can cause lung cancer.
  • Reduce exposure to UV light; it can cause skin cancer.
50
Q

HPV vaccine

2 marks

A

Vaccine given to 12-13 year old girls to protect against cervical cancer.

51
Q

Cancer commonly caused by smoking

1 mark

A

Lung Cancer

52
Q

Cancer commonly caused by repeated exposure to UV light

1 mark

A

Skin Cancer

53
Q

Benefits of early detection of cancer

2 marks

A

Can improve survival rates because the tumour may be smaller + may not have spread.

54
Q

Screening programmes

1 mark

A

Can detect Cancer as early as possible.

55
Q

Women over a certain age or with a particular medical history are screened for what types of Cancer?

(2 mark)

A

Breast + cervical cancer.

56
Q

Males + females over 60 are given the opportunity to be screened for what Cancer?

(1 mark)

A

Bowel Cancer

57
Q

How can Testicular + Skin Cancer be identified?

1 mark

A

By self-examination.

58
Q

Cancer Treatment options

4 marks

A

Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy + Immunotherapy

59
Q

Cancer Treatment;
Surgery

(1 mark)

A

Cancer cells are removed from the body.

60
Q

Disadvantage of Surgery as a Cancer Treatment

2 marks

A

Less effective if the tumour has spread or is inaccessible.

61
Q

Cancer Treatment;
Radiotherapy

(1 mark)

A

X-rays are used to kill cancer cells.

62
Q

Advantage of Radiotherapy as a Cancer Treatment

1 mark

A

Very accurate at targeting even small tumours.

63
Q

Disadvantage of Radiotherapy as a Cancer Treatment

1 mark

A

Normal cells can also be killed on exposure to the X-rays.

64
Q

Cancer Treatment;
Chemotherapy

(1 mark)

A

Drugs are used to kill cancer cells anywhere in the body.

65
Q

Disadvantages of Chemotherapy as a Cancer Treatment

2 marks

A
  • Normal cells can also be killed.

- Side effects (e.g. hair loss).

66
Q

Cancer Treatment;
Immunotherapy

(4 marks)

A

Antibodies that attach to cancer cell antigens are injected into the body.

Phagocytes can then locate and destroy cancer cells.

67
Q

Advantage of Immunotherapy as a Cancer Treatment

2 marks

A

A targeted treatment with fewer side effects than other treatments.

CCEA GCSE Biology (33 decks)

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