Reproduction, Fertility & Contraception Flashcards
1
Q
Amnion
2 marks
A
Membrane that forms around the embryo/foetus in the uterus + containing the amniotic fluid.
2
Q
Amniotic fluid
3 marks
A
The fluid surrounding the embryo inside the amnion, cushioning + protecting the developing foetus.
3
Q
Chromosome
2 marks
A
The structure made of DNA that codes for all the characteristics of an organism.
4
Q
Diploid
1 mark
A
Cell that contains the normal number of chromosomes.
5
Q
Egg cell
1 mark
A
Female reproductive cell.
6
Q
Embryo
(1 mark)
A
An organism in the early stages of development.
7
Q
Foetus
2 marks
A
An unborn baby - usually 8 weeks after conception.
8
Q
Foetal
(1 mark)
A
Belonging to the foetus.
9
Q
Haploid
1 mark
A
Cell that contains half the normal number of chromosomes.
10
Q
Implantation
3 marks
A
In reproduction, when the fertilised egg attaches to + embeds itself in the wall of the uterus (lining) - to receive nourishment.
11
Q
Maternal
1 mark
A
Belonging to the mother.
12
Q
Meiosis
2 marks
A
A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes.
13
Q
Membrane (1 mark)
A
Very thin layer of tissue.
14
Q
Mitosis
(3 marks)
A
Type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell + to each other.
15
Q
Oestrogen
3 marks
A
Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries
- responsible for puberty in girls + regulation of the menstrual cycle.
16
Q
Ovaries
2 marks
A
Pair of organs in the female reproductive system
- where ova (eggs) + hormones are produced.
17
Q
Oviduct
2 marks
A
Tube in the female reproductive organ
- through which an egg passes from an ovary to the uterus.
18
Q
Placenta
4 marks
A
Organ in the uterus of pregnant mammals
- that allows the transfer of nutrients + waste products - between mother + fetus through the umbilical cord.
19
Q
Progesterone -
1 mark
A
Sex hormone produced by the ovaries + placenta.
20
Q
Puberty
1 mark
A
Physical changes a child’s body goes through when developing into an adult.
21
Q
Reproductive system
1 mark
A
Organs + tissues involved in producing offspring.
22
Q
Sperm cell
1 mark
A
Male sex cell or gamete.
23
Q
STI
(1 mark)
A
Sexually transmitted infection.
24
Q
Testes
2 marks
A
Plural form of testis - male organ that produces sperm.
25
Testosterone
| 2 marks
Male sex hormone produced in the testes - responsible for puberty in boys.
26
Umbilical cord
| 2 marks
Cord that connects the foetus to placenta - contains blood vessels.
27
Uterus
| 2 marks
Also known as a womb - where the fertilised egg (ovum) develops.
28
Vagina
| 2 marks
Muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of a woman's body.
29
Ovum
| 2 marks
Plural; Ova
Female reproductive cell (egg cell) or gamete.
30
Gametes
| 3 marks
Haploid Cells
- Sex cell (sperm in males + ova/eggs in females).
31
Sexual Reproduction Involves
| 4 marks
Joining of 2 sex cells (gametes)
– the sperm + the egg/ovum.
32
The male reproductive system makes sperm and during Sexual Reproduction...
(1 mark)
Delivers it into the female reproductive system.
33
Most animals carry out
| 1 mark
Sexual reproduction.
34
Sperm are __________ cells highly adapted for their function.
(1 mark)
Specialised
35
Sperm Cell Adaptations:
Explained
(7 marks)
A tail – called a flagellum – allowing it to swim through the female reproductive system.
A haploid nucleus – containing half the normal number of chromosomes.
Many mitochondria to produce energy.
36
Sperm Cell Adaptations:
The Tail
(2 marks)
Called a flagellum – allowing it to swim through the female reproductive system.
37
Sperm Cell Adaptations:
A Haploid Nucleus –
(1 mark)
Contains half the normal number of chromosomes.
38
Sperm Cell Adaptations:
Mitochondria
(1 mark)
Many - to produce energy.
39
The Female Reproductive System
| 5 marks
Makes + releases eggs/ova.
Also protects + nourishes the foetus from fertilisation until birth.
40
Fertilisation
| 3 marks
Fusion of a Haploid Sperm Nucleus + a Haploid Egg Nucleus
| - to form a Diploid Zygote.
41
Zygote
| 5 marks
Union of sperm cell + egg cell - known as a fertilized ovum.
It’s the first cell of a new individual.
- Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct.
42
Where does Fertilisation occur?
| 1 mark
In the oviduct.
43
Alternate name for the Oviduct
| 1 mark
Fallopian Tube
44
Zygote begins
| 2 marks
as a single cell but divides rapidly in the days following fertilization.
45
Following fertilisation
| 3 marks
After a 2 week period of cell division - zygote eventually becomes an embryo.
46
After Fertilisation:
Explained
(15 marks)
Zygote travels down oviduct dividing by mitosis to form a ball of cells (embryo).
When embryo reaches uterus, implantation occurs.
Placenta, umbilical cord, amnion + amniotic fluid form.
Embryo differentiates to produce a variety of tissues + organs.
Embryo is referred to as a foetus when it begins to look more like a baby.
47
Zygote travels down oviduct
| 2 marks
dividing by mitosis to form a ball of cells (embryo).
48
When Embryo reaches Uterus
| 1 mark
Implantation occurs.
49
Once implantation occurs
| 4 marks
Placenta, umbilical cord, amnion + amniotic fluid form.
50
Embryo differentiates to produce
| 2 marks
A variety of tissues + organs.
51
Embryo is referred to as a foetus
| 1 mark
When it begins to look more like a baby.
52
Placenta
| 3 marks
Allows substances to diffuse from the mother’s blood to the foetus (e.g. O2 + glucose).
53
Substances can diffuse from the foetus
| 4 marks
To the mother’s blood (e.g. CO2 + urea).
Or from the mother’s blood to foetus (e.g. O2 + glucose).
54
The placenta is adapted for diffusion by having:
| 5 marks
1. Large surface area between it + uterus wall.
2. Villi (finger like projections that extend into the uterus wall) - further increase the surface area of the placenta.
3. Rich supply of maternal blood vessels.
55
Placenta Adaptation:
Large surface area
(2 marks)
Between it (Placenta) + Uterus wall.
56
Placenta Adaptations:
Villi
(4 marks)
Finger like projections that extend into the uterus wall - which further increase the surface area of the placenta.
57
Placenta Adaptations:
Maternal blood vessels
(1 mark)
A rich supply of maternal blood vessels.
58
Umbical cord
| 3 marks
Attaches the placenta to the foetus.
It contains the umbilical artery + umbilical vein.
59
The Umbilical Artery
| 3 marks
Carries urea + CO2 from the foetus to the mother’s blood.
60
The Umbilical Vein
| 3 marks
Carries O2 + nutrients from the mother’s blood to the foetus.
61
Maternal Blood + Foetal Blood Systems
| 3 marks
Close together but not joined
- separated by thin membranes that allow diffusion to occur.
62
Testes produce
| 1 mark
Testosterone
63
Ovaries produce
| 1 mark
Oestrogen
64
Hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop at puberty
(2 marks)
Oestrogen + Testosterone.
65
Body changes in males during puberty
| 3 marks
1. Testes enlarge.
2. Body becomes more muscular.
3. Voice deepens.
66
Body changes in females during puberty
| 3 marks
1. Sexual organs enlarge + breasts develop.
2. Pelvis + hips widen.
3. Menstruation begins.
67
Body changes in both males + females during puberty
| 2 marks
1. Body + pubic hair grows.
| 2. Sexual awareness + sex drive increase.
68
The Menstrual Cycle
| 1 marks
Occurs from puberty until the end of reproductive life.
69
Purpose of the Menstrual Cycle
| 1 mark
To prepare the female reproductive system for pregnancy.
70
Hormones that control the Menstrual Cycle
| 2 marks
Oestrogen + progesterone.
71
Average time span on a Menstrual Cycle
| 1 mark
28 days.
72
Days 1-5 of the Menstrual Cycle
| 5 marks
1. Menstruation occurs – uterus lining breaks down + is released through the vagina
2. Oestrogen levels are low.
3. Progesterone levels are low.
73
Days 6-13 of the Menstrual Cycle
| 4 marks
1. Uterus lining begins to renew itself in preparation for the release of an egg.
2. Oestrogen increases causing the initial repair of the uterus lining + its buildup.
74
Day 14 of the Menstrual Cycle
| 2 marks
Oestrogen levels peak, this causes ovulation – release of an egg.
75
Days 15-28 of the Menstrual Cycle
| 8 marks
1. Progesterone levels peak after ovulation.
2. Progesterone ensures the thickness of the uterus lining is maintained or the placenta + other pregnancy structures form if fertilisation has occurred.
3. If pregnancy has not occurred the egg passes out of the vagina + levels of both hormones drop, causing the cycle to begin again.
76
What happens during Ovulation - Simplified
| 1 mark
Egg is released from Uterus.
77
Sperm present in the female reproductive system in the few days before ovulation
(1 mark)
Could fertilise an egg when it is released.
78
Sperm that enter the female reproductive system in the few days after ovulation
(1 mark)
Could fertilise an egg.
79
Menstruation
| 2 marks
Blood flows from the Vagina as the lining of the Uterus breaks up.
80
Days 6-12 of the Menstrual Cycle - Simplified
| 1 mark
Thick uterine lining starts to build up again.
81
Sperm left in the Vagina during days 11-12 of the Menstrual Cycle
(1 mark)
Will still be alive when an egg is released.
82
Ovulation Days 13-15 of the Menstrual Cycle
| 2 marks
Oestrogen levels peak - causing the release of an egg from the Ovaries.
83
Sperm in the Oviducts are likely to cause Fertilisation during this time
(1 mark)
Days 11 - 17 of the Menstrual Cycle.
84
If Fertilisation does not occur, the egg dies + passes out of the Vagina during
(1 mark)
Days 18 - 28 of the Menstrual Cycle.
85
Causes of female infertility
| 5 marks
1. Ovaries don’t produce eggs.
2. Blocked/twisted oviducts.
3. Complication from a previous STI.
4. Uterus lining not developing enough to allow embryo implantation.
5. Vagina too hostile to allow sperm to enter.
86
Possible reason for blocked/twisted oviducts
| 1 mark
Infection
87
How can previous STI’s interfere with fertility?
| 1 mark
Complications with the STIs
88
Example of an STIs
| 2 marks
- Chlamydia
| - HIV
89
Example of why the Vagina may be too hostile to allow sperm to enter - leading to female infertility.
(1 mark)
It may be too acidic.
90
Causes of male infertility
| 3 marks
1. Not enough sperm produced.
2. Non-healthy sperm produced.
3. Impotence.
91
Causes of Unhealthy Sperm - leading to male infertility
| 2 marks
Smoking or drinking alcohol to excess.
92
Fertility Drugs: Job
| 3 marks
Hormones given to the female to increase the production of eggs
- may solve the problem but only if low egg production was the issue.
93
IVF – in vitro fertilisation
| 1 mark
in vitro fertilisation
94
IVF Process
| 10 marks
1. Female given fertility drugs to increase egg production.
2. Eggs are surgically collected from the ovaries.
3. Sperm is collected.
4. Sperm + egg cells are mixed in the lab.
5. Female is given hormones to ensure the uterus lining is thick.
6. Embryos are placed into the uterus.
7. If successful an embryo/embryos will implant into the uterus lining – female is pregnant.
95
What occurs after the Female is given fertility drugs to increase egg production - during the IVF Process?
(1 mark)
Eggs are surgically collected from the Ovaries.
96
What is collected from the male, after the eggs are surgically collected from the females Ovaries?
(1 mark)
Sperm is collected.
97
After the male’s Sperm + female’s Eggs are collected
| 2 marks
Sperm + egg cells are mixed in the lab.
98
Before the embryos are placed in the Uterus - the Female is given...?
(1 mark)
Hormones to ensure the uterus lining is thick.
99
Where are the Embryos placed in the Females Reproductive System?
(1 mark)
Uterus
100
If IVF is successful
| 2 marks
Embryo/embryos will implant into the uterus lining – female is pregnant.
101
What happens when the female is impregnated
| 2 marks
Embryo/embryos will implant into the uterus lining.
102
Usually how many embryos are placed into the uterus during IVF?
(1 mark)
1-2
103
Why are there usually 1-2 embryos placed inside the Uterus during IVF?
(2 marks)
To give a balance between ensuring success + avoiding multiple births.
104
Before placing the embryos into the uterus, it is possible to
(2 marks)
Genetically screen them for abnormalities or check their gender.
105
Commonly used contraception
| 7 marks
- Condoms
- Contraceptive pill
- Diaphragm
- Spermicide
- IUD
- Rhythm method
- Abstinence
106
Types of Contraceptive Methods used to prevent pregnancy
| 4 marks
Mechanical, chemical, surgical + natural contraceptive methods.
107
Examples of Mechanical Contraception
| 2 marks
- Male condom
| - Female condom
108
Examples of Chemical Contraception
| 2 marks
- Contraceptive pill
| - Contraceptive implant
109
Examples of Surgical Contraception
| 2 marks
- Vasectomy
| - Female sterilisation
110
Examples of Natural Contraception
| 2 marks
- Rhythm method
| - Abstinence
111
Male condom:
Method
(1 mark)
A barrier that prevents sperm entering the vagina.
112
Female condom:
Method
(1 mark)
A barrier that prevents sperm passing up the female reproductive system.
113
Advantage of both Male + Female condoms
| 2 marks
- Easily obtained.
| - Protects against STIs.
114
Disadvantage of both Male + Female condoms
| 1 mark
Unreliable if not used properly.
115
Contraceptive Pill:
Method
(2 marks)
1. Taken regularly by the female.
| 2. Prevents ovulation by changing hormone levels.
116
Contraceptive Implant:
Method
(3 marks)
1. Small tube placed under the skin of the upper arm.
2. Releases hormones slowly over a long period of time.
3. Prevents ovulation.
117
Contraceptive Pill:
Advantage
(1 mark)
Very reliable.
118
Contraceptive Implant:
Advantages
(2 marks)
- Very reliable.
| - Can work for up to 3 years.
119
Contraceptive Pill:
Disadvantages
(3 marks)
- Female needs to remember to take the pill.
- Side effects include weight gain, mood swings or an increased risk of blood clots.
- Does not protect against STIs.
120
Contraceptive Implant:
Disadvantages
(2 marks)
- Does not protect against STIs.
| - Can prevent menstruation.
121
Vasectomy:
Method
(2 marks)
Sperm tubes are cut preventing sperm entering the penis.
122
Female Sterilisation:
Method
(1 mark)
Oviducts are cut preventing fertilisation.
123
Advantages of both Vasectomies + Female Sterilisation
| 1 mark
Virtually 100% reliable.
124
Disadvantages of both Vasectomies + Female Sterilisation
| 1 mark
Difficult or impossible to reverse.
125
Rhythm Method
| 1 mark
Sexual intercourse is avoided around the time of ovulation.
126
Advantage of the Rhythm Method
| 1 mark
No chemicals are used.
127
Disadvantage of the Rhythm Method
| 2 marks
Not as reliable as other methods, especially if the menstrual cycle is irregular.
128
Reasons why some groups of people use the natural contraceptive methods
(2 marks)
Some groups are opposed to contraception for religious or ethical reasons.
