Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the upper respiratory system
A
- gas exchange
- heat exchange
- olfaction
- phonation
- pressure associated functions
2
Q
What are the parts of the external nose?
A
- Nares
- Nasal alae
- Nasal sulcus
- philtrum
3
Q
What are the nares?
A
nostrils
4
Q
What is the nasal alae?
A
wings of the nose
5
Q
What is the nasal sulcus?
A
the space between the nasal alae and the rest of the nose on the lateral side
6
Q
Where is the philtrum located?
A
midline down the planum nasale to the upper lip
7
Q
What are the parts of the nasal vestibule?
A
nasolacrimal duct and the alar fold
8
Q
Where is the nasolacrimal duct located?
A
opening of the nasal vestibule, recycles waste
9
Q
Where is the alar fold located?
A
located beneath the nasal alae
10
Q
What does the alar fold do?
A
opens to allow the influx of air into the nasal cavity
11
Q
What is the function of the nasal conchaes?
A
To warm and humidify air before it goes to the lungs
12
Q
Where is the dorsal conchae located?
A
located on the entirety of the dorsal side of the nasal cavity
13
Q
Where is the ventral conchae located?
A
located on the ventral aspect of the nasal cavity on the rostral half
14
Q
What is the ventral conchae considered?
A
the furnace of the nasal cavity
15
Q
What are the meatuses of the nasal cavity?
A
dorsal, middle, ventral, common
16
Q
Where is the olfactory nerve located in relation to the nasal cavity?
A
located caudo-dorsally to the ethmoid conchae
17
Q
Where is the vomeronasal organ located?
A
ventral to the ventral conchae
18
Q
What parts connect to the vomeronasal organ?
A
incisive papilla, incisive duct
19
Q
What is the phlemen response?
A
the way to sense hormones
20
Q
What is special about the frontal sinus in the dog?
A
it is divided; the rostral, medial, and lateral
21
Q
Where does the frontal sinus drain?
A
into the ethmoid meatuses
22
Q
Why is the maxillary recess called a recess?
A
because it is not a true sinus
23
Q
What is special about the sphenoid sinus?
A
It is present in the cat and not the dog
24
Q
Where is the sphenoid sinus located?
A
ventral to the cribiform plate and caudal to the ethmoid conchae
25
Where does the nasopharynx begin?
choanae
26
Where does the nasopharynx end?
intrapharyngeal ostium
27
How does the choanae divide?
into two singular tubes to the left and right nasal cavities
28
Where is the hard palate located?
ventral to the choana at the rostral end of the nasopharynx
29
Where is the soft palate located?
caudal to the hard palate, extends caudo-ventrally to the intrapharyngeal ostium
30
Where is the palatopharyngeal arch located?
caudo-dorsally to the epiglottis. located at the caudal end of the soft palate
31
Where is the intrapharyngeal ostium located?
rostrally to the palatopharyngeal arch
32
What does the intrapharayngeal ostium open to?
opening in between two portions of the pharynx
33
What structure do you pass through to go to the laryngopharynx?
intrapharayngeal ostium
34
Where does the laryngopharynx begin?
the end of the soft palate
35
Where does the laryngopharynx end?
pharyngo esophageal limen
36
What is the epiglottis made up of?
elastic cartilage
37
Where is the epiglottis located?
the most cranial aspect of the laryngopharynx, caudo-ventral to the soft palate
38
What does the thyroid cover?
the arytenoids
39
What system is the thyroid a part of?
the endocrine system
40
True or False: The arytenoids are located in both the dog and the cat
FALSE
41
What is the cuneiform process and where is it located?
crescent moon shaped arytenoid, and it is the most rostral
42
What is the corniculate process and where is it located?
crescent moon shaped arytenoid, and is the most caudal. it rises more dorsally than the cuneiform process
43
What does the vestibular fold cover?
the vestibule ligament
44
Where is the vestibular fold located
ventral to the cuneiform process
45
Where is the lateral laryngeal ventricle located?
caudal to the vestibular fold
46
What are the muscles of the laryngopharynx?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, cricothyroideus, thyroarytenoideus
47
What is the function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?
- only muscle that dilates the glottis to open the airway
| - abducts the arytenoids
48
What is the function of the cricothyroideus?
raises the pitch
49
What is special about the thyroarytenoideus in the cat?
it is undivided
50
What are the divisions of the thyroarytenoideus in the dog?
ventricularis and vocalis
51
Where is the vocalis portion of the thyroarytenoideus located?
immediately caudal to the vocal ligament
52
How does the vocalis portion of the thyroarytenoideus function and what does it do?
it has less tension as it shortens and it lowers the pitch
53
What are the portions of the larynx?
piriform recess, aryepiglottic fold, aditus laryngis
54
What is the aryepiglottic fold?
the folds of the epiglottis
55
What is the aditus laryngis?
the opening of the epiglottis
56
What are the portions of the glottis?
vocal fold, arytenoids, rima glottidis
57
What is the rima glottidis?
the opening of the glottis
58
What are the pharygneal constrictors?
hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus
59
What is the function of the pharygneal constrictors?
constrict to push food into the esophagus
60
What is the hilus of an organ?
where things are entering or exiting
61
What is the root of an organ?
the things that are entering or exiting
62
What is the apex?
the peak of the lung lobes
63
What is the base?
the bottom of the lung lobes
64
What is the diaphragmatic surface?
nearly synonymous to the base of the lung
65
What is the costal surface?
adjacent to the rib cage
66
What is the medial surface?
exactly as it sounds, the medial surface of the lung
67
What is the interlobar surface?
the surface in between the lung lobes
68
What type of cartilage is the trachea made of?
hyaline cartilage
69
How are the rings of thee trachea characterized?
incomplete; the incomplete part are on the dorsal aspect
70
What muscle is located where the incomplete aspect of the tracheal rings located?
the trachealis muscle
71
What type of ligaments are in between tracheal rings?
annular ligaments
72
What is the tracheal carina?
separation/bifurcation of the trachea
73
What is the primary bronchi?
the main stem of the airway - the left and right bronchi
74
What are the lobar bronchi?
the secondary stem of the airway
75
What are the parts of the right lung lobe?
cranial, middle, caudal, accessory lobes
76
What is special about the middle lung lobe?
it is adhered to the caudal lung lobe
77
Where is the accessory lung lobe located?
medially
78
Where is the cardiac notch located?
in between the cranial and middle lung lobes
79
What are the parts of the left lung lobe?
the cranial and caudal part
80
What is special about the cranial part of the left lung lobe?
it has a cranial and caudal part, it is divided externally
81
What are the components of the mediastinum?
fibrous connective tissue medial to the serous membrane
82
What is the serous membrane?
a 1 cell thick covering of the pleural cavity
83
How are the parts of the serous membrane named?
by what they are covering
84
What are the contents of the mediastinum?
thymus, trachea, heart and vessels, esophagus, CN X - vagus, lymphatics
85
What does the serous membrane line and cover?
lines the thoracic cavity
| covers the lungs
86
What allows the serous membrane to glide?
capillary action
87
What is in the pleural cavity?
a small amount of fluid
88
True or False: the lung is in the pleural cavity
FALSE: the pleural cavity surrounds it
89
What does the costal part of the parietal pleura line?
the lateral aspect of the pleural cavity
90
What does the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura line?
the medial aspect of the pleural cavity
91
What does the diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura line?
the basal aspect of the pleural cavity
92
What does the visceral/pulmonary pleura line?
the lungs
93
What is the pulmonary ligament?
a remnant of a fetal blood vessel
94
Where is the pulmonary ligament located?
on the medial aspect of the lung
95
What is the function of the pulmonary ligament?
connect the lungs to the thoracic cavity
96
What does the plica venae cavae do?
connects the cadal vena cava to the mediastinum
97
What does the venae cavae do as it drifts away from the mediastinum?
it brings the serous membrane with it causing a double fold
98
What is the cupulae pleurae?
part of the pleura that extends beyond the first rib cranially
99
Where is the thoracic inlet located?
dorsally to T1, ventrally to the manubrium sterni
100
What are the parts of the diaphragm?
the central tendon and muscular periphery
101
Where is the sternal attachment of the diaphragm?
at the apex of the thoracic cavity
102
Where is the costal attachment of the diaphragm?
at the lateral aspects of the thoracic cavity
103
Where is the crural attachment of the diaphragm?
at the caudal aspect of the thoracic cavity, can extend as far down as L4
104
What are the openings of the diaphragm?
aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval foramen
105
What are the muscles of the diaphragm?
intercostalis internus and transversus thoracis
106
How do the fibers of the intercostalis internus run?
caudo-medially
107
How do the fibers of the transversus thoracis run and where are they located?
medial-cranially, dorsal to the sternelora
108
Where would you listen for lung sounds?
triangle from the scapula down to the olecranon process of the ulna, caudo-dorsally to the attachment of the 12th rib to the vertebra, cranially to the scapula
109
What is it called when the thoracic cavity is expanded?
inspiration
110
What happens when the lungs are expanded?
increased vacuum (negative pressure) within the pleural cavity; surface tension is provided by pleural fluid
111
What is it called when the thoracic cavity is collapsed?
expiration
112
Is expiration passive or active?
passive
113
How do the ribs move during inspiration?
laterally and cranially
114
How do the thoracic vertebrae articulate during breathing?
with the ribs adjacent to it; the tubercles interact with the costal fovea of the transverse process
115
What is special about the articulation of T11-T13?
the only articulate with the ribs that are connected to them
116
What are the muscles of inspiration?
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- serratus ventralis and dorsalis cranialis
- scaleneus
- rectus thoracis
- others
117
How are the serratus ventralis and dorsalis cranialis used during inspiration?
used to expand the thorax in respiratory distress
118
What are the muscles of expiration?
- internal intercostals
- transversus thoracis
- abdominals
- others
