Exam 3 - The Heart and the Pericardium Flashcards
1
Q
What type of membrane is the pericardium?
A
fibroserous
2
Q
What are the layers of the pericardium?
A
thick fibrous layer, inner thin serous layer
3
Q
What are the components of the inner thin serous layer?
A
Parietal layer that faces the thick fibrous layer
visceral layer that faces the heart
4
Q
What is another term for the visceral layer of the pericardium?
A
epicardium
5
Q
What is the space in between the parietal and visceral layer known as?
A
the pericardial cavity
6
Q
What is located in the pericardial cavity?
A
a small amount of fluid to lubricate the heart
7
Q
What connects the pericardium and the sternum and the diaphragm?
A
the phrenico-pericardiac ligament/the sternopericardiac ligament
8
Q
Where is the phrenico-pericardiac ligament located?
A
At the apex of the heart
9
Q
What is pericarditis?
A
the inflammation of the pericardium
10
Q
What can cause pericarditis?
A
infection or penetrating wounds from sharp objects from the stomach
11
Q
How does pericarditis affect the heart?
A
leads to excessive production of pericardial fluid from the cells lining the serous layers of the pericardium and increases the intra-pericardiac pressure and decreases cardiac output
12
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
in between two mediastinal plurae, in the middle of thorax
13
Q
What is a hydrothorax?
A
excessive pleural fluid secreted by the serous membrane in the case of pleuritis
14
Q
What is a pneumothorax?
A
air in the pleural cavity due to stab wounds at the cupulae pleura or lungs
15
Q
What is a hemothorax?
A
collection of blood in the mediastinum that can spread to the pleural cavity due to a puncture in the mediastinal pleura
16
Q
What does the mediastinum contain?
A
heart, major blood vessels lymph nodes, lymphatics, nerves, longus colli, esophagus, and the trachea
17
Q
Where does the base of the heart face?
A
dorsocranially
18
Q
Where does the apex of the heart face?
A
ventrocaudally
19
Q
What side can the heart be auscultated from in the cat?
A
both sides
20
Q
Where can the heart be auscultated in the dog?
A
on the right side from the 3rd to 5th intercostal spaces
21
Q
Where is the cardiac notch present in the cat?
A
on both sides
22
Q
What are the surfaces of the heart?
A
the auricular surface and the atrial surface
23
Q
What does the auricular surface face?
A
the left thoracic wall
24
Q
What structures are visible from the left side?
A
the left and right auricles, entire left atrium, greater part of the left ventricle, and a part of the right ventricle
25
What dies the atrial surface face?
the right thoracic wall
26
What structures are visible from the right side?
the right atrium, greater part of the right ventricle and a part of the left ventricle
27
What is the coronary groove?
circumferential groove that demarcates the ventricle from the atria except at the conus arteriosus
28
What is the conus arteriosus?
cranio-dorsal part of the right ventricle that gives rise to the pulmonary trunk and arteries
29
What is the interventricular groove?
mark the partition between the left and right ventricles which coincide with the interventricular septum internally
30
Where is the paraconal interventricular groove?
lies parallel to the conus arteriosus on the left and is covered by the left auricle at its origin; does not reach the apex
31
Where is the subsinusoidal interventricular groove?
indistinct groove on the right side, lies below the large coronary sinus and runs into the coronary groove on the right side
32
What are the chambers if the heart?
right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
33
Where is the right atrium located?
dorsal cranial to the right ventricle
34
What does the right atrium receive blood from?
cranial and caudal vena cava, coronary sinus, and the azygos vein (in some dogs)
35
In the cat, where does the azygos vein empty into?
the right atrium; it is common for the cat whereas it is uncommon for the dog
36
What are the components of the right atrium?
the sinous venarum cavarum, the auricle, the intervenous tubercle/crest, the fossa ovalis, and the coronary sinus
37
Where is the intervenous tubercle/crest?
proximal to the sinous venarum cavarum between the two openings of the vena cavas
38
What is the sinous venarum cavarum?
the main chamber of the right atrium
39
What is the function of the intervenous tubercle/crest?
divert venous blood towards the right ventricle
40
What is the fossa ovalis?
the oval shaped fossa located caudomedial to the intervenous tubercle/crest
41
What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?
the foramen ovale from fetal life
42
Where is the coronary sinus located?
just ventrally to the opening of the caudal vena cava
43
What is the coronary sinus?
the opening for the great cardiac vein directly into the right atrium
44
Where is the right auricle located?
cranioventral to the atrium
45
What is the wall of the right auricle supported by?
the pectinate muscles
46
Aside from the right auricle, where in the right atrium are pectinate muscles located?
on the lateral wall
47
What is the function of the pectinate muscles?
prevent turbulance
48
What is the crista terminalis?
thick ridge of cardiac muscle
49
Where is the crista terminalis located?
between the entrance of the cranial vena cava and the right atrioventricular orifice
50
What does the crista terminalis demarcate?
the sinus venarum cavarum from the auricle
51
Where is the left atrium located?
dorsocranial to the left ventricle
52
Where does the left atrium receive blood from?
oxygenated blood from the lungs via several pulmonary veins
53
Where do the largest pulmonary veins come from?
the caudal lobes of the lungs
54
Where is the left auricle located?
caudal to the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk
55
What separates the left and the right auricles?
conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk
56
True or false: Pectinate muscles are present in both the left auricle and the lateral wall of the left atrium.
False - they are only present in the left auricle
57
If present, where is the valve of the foramen ovale located?
on the septal wall of the left atrium at the same level as the fossa ovalis on the right
58
True or False: The intervenous tubercle and crista terminalis are absent in the left atrium
True - they are only present in the right atrium
59
Where is the right ventricle located?
on the ventrocranial aspect of the heart
60
Where does the right ventricle receive blood from?
the right atrium
61
Through what does the right ventricle receive blood?
the right atrioventricular ostium
62
Where is the right atrioventricular ostium located?
between the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve
63
Where does the right ventricle pump blood?
to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk
64
Why does the right ventricle send blood to the lungs?
to oxygenate it
65
What is the supraventricular crest?
a muscular ridge between the right atrioventricular valve and the pulmonary trunk ostium
66
Which ventricle extends to the apex of the heart?
the left ventricle
67
What are the dimensions of the right ventricle?
extends from the subsinusoidal interventricular groove to the conus arteriosus cranially and the paraconal interventricular groove ventrolaterally to the coronary groove dorsally
68
Which ventricular wall is thicker?
the left one
69
What are the trabeculae carnae?
muscular ridges located on the interior wall of the ventricle
70
Which ventricle has more prominent trabeculae carnae?
the left ventricle because it has to be strong enough to pump blood to the entire body
71
What are papillary muscles?
conical-shaped muscular ridges on the septal wall; usually 4
72
What are the chordae tendinae?
fibromuscular cords that arise from the papillary muscles
73
What is the function of chordae tendinae?
secure the cusps to the septal wall to prevent eversion of the valves
74
What are the septomarginal trabecule?
fibromuscular cords that connect the septal wall to the outer wall
75
What is located within the septomarginal trabeculae?
contain cardiac conduction fibers
76
What is the function of the cardiac conduction fibers?
conduct impulses directly to the papillary muscles in advance to activate cusps to close the valve just prior to ventricular systole
77
Where is the left ventricle located?
on the ventrocaudal aspect of the heart extending into the apex
78
Where does the left ventricle receive blood from?
from the left atrium
79
Through what does the left ventricle receive blood?
left atrioventricular ostium
80
Where is the left atrioventricular ostium located?
in between the cusps of the left atrioventricular valve
81
What does the left ventricle pump blood to?
the aorta
82
What does blood leave through in order to get to the aorta?
the aortic ostium
83
What is the subauricular papillary muscle?
a large papillary muscle located anteriorly below the level of the left auricle
84
What is the subatrial papillary muscle?
a large papillary muscle located posteriorly below the level of the left atrium
85
What structure is associated with the subauricular and subatrial papillary muscles?
chordae tendinae that carry conduction fibers with them
86
Why are the chordae tendinae in the left ventricle stronger than the right ventricle?
because the ventricular systole pressure is greater in the left than in the right
87
Where are the trabeculae carneae located in the left ventricle?
in the interventricular septum
88
What separates the left and the right atrium?
the inter-atrial septum
89
What separates the left and the right ventricle?
the interventricular septum
90
What demarcates the interventricular septum externally?
the paraconal interventricular and subsinusoidal interventricular grooves
91
Where are the coronary artery branches located?
in the paraconal interventricular and subsinusoidal interventricular grooves
92
What is systole?
when ventricles contract; high ventricular pressure
93
What is diastole?
when ventricles relax; low ventricular pressure
94
What demarcates the atria and ventricles?
the coronary groove
95
How do the atrium and the ventricle of the same side communicate?
via the atrio-ventricular ostium
96
What are the atrioventricular valves?
the intake valves of the ventricles
97
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?
to prevent back flow of blood into the atrium during the systolic phase of the heart beat
98
What is the cardiac skeleton made up of?
fibrous rings that separate the musculature of the atria from ventricles
99
What are the basal borders of the cusps attached to?
the cardiac skeleton
100
What serves as a skeletal base for cardiac muscle attachment?
the cardiac skeleton
101
What do the fibrous rings separate?
the thin atrial musculature from the thick ventricular musculature which is important for the independent contraction cycle for atria and ventricles
102
What are the free ventral borders of the cusps connected to?
the chordae tendinae which prevent the cusps displacement during the systolic phase of the cardiac beat
103
How many cusps does the left atrioventricular valve have and what are they called?
two cusps; septal and marginal which make up the bicuspid valve
104
How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have?
three; tricuspid valve
105
Where is the aortic valve located?
at almost the center of the base of the heart and is medial to the septal cusp of the left atrioventricular valve
106
Where is the aortic bulb located?
at the base of the left ventricle
107
What is located inside the aortic bulb?
three semilunar cusps from the aortic valve
108
Where are the aortic sinuses located?
in the aortic bulb, between the wall of the aorta and the cusps
109
What does the coronary sinus arise from?
two of the aortic sinuses
110
Where does the left coronary artery arise from?
the left coronary sinus
111
Where does the right coronary artery arise from?
the right coronary sinus
112
What is the function of the aortic cusps?
to prevent the back flow of blood into the left ventricle soon after the systolic phase of the heart beat
113
Where is the conus arteriosus located?
on the craniodorsal aspect of the right ventricle
114
What forms the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary sinuses?
three semilunar cusps located in the conus arteriosus
115
True or False: The coronary veins arise from the pulmonary sinuses
false: nothing arises from the pulmonary sinuses
116
What is the function of the pulmonary cusps?
to prevent back flow of blood into the right ventricle soon after the systolic phase of the heart beat
117
Where is the site of auscultation for the aortic valve?
horizontal line parallel to the sternum from the level of the shoulder joint that intersects the 4th intercostal space on the left side
118
Where is the site of auscultation for the right atrioventricular valve?
on the right side at the 4th intercostal space
119
Where is the site of auscultation for the pulmonary valve?
on the left and right side at the 3rd intercostal space
120
Where is the site of auscultation for the left atrioventricular valve?
on the left side at the 5th intercostal space
121
Why do pulmonary arteries have blue latex?
because they are bringing deoxygenated blood to the lungs
122
Why do pulmonary veins have red latex?
because they are bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
123
The _____ ______ contracts and opens the ______ __________ _______ to bring blood to the right ventricle.
right atrium, right atrioventricular valve
124
The right ventricle __________ which causes the _______ _______ to close the _____ _________ ______ which opens the ________ _________ to send blood to the lungs.
contracts, tricuspid valve, right atrioventricular ostium, pulmonary valves
125
Blood flows through the ________ _______ to the lungs for _________ and then is sent through the _______ _______ to the left atrium.
pulmonary trunk, oxygenation, pulmonary veins
126
The _______ ______ contracts and opens the _______ _____________ ______ to send blood into the left ventricle.
left atrium, left atrioventricular valve
127
The left ventricle _________ causing the _______ _______ to close the ____ ___________ _____, which causes the _______ _____ to open and send blood to the _______
contracts, bicuspid valve, left atrioventricular ostium, aortic valves, aorta
