Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in the digestive apparatus?
A
oral cavity, pharynx, alimentary canal, accessory organs
2
Q
What is the labial frenula?
A
- strand of tissue in between incisors that connects the lip to the dental arcade
- superior and inferior
3
Q
What is the oral fornix?
A
the space in between the dental arcade and the lip
-superior and inferior
4
Q
What structures are included in the oral vestibule?
A
rima oris, lips and cheeks, oral fornix, teeth and gingiva
5
Q
What structures are included in the oral cavity (os)?
A
teeth and gingiva, palates (part of the soft palate), tongue, palatoglossal arches and isthmus of the fauces
6
Q
What are the bones of the hard palate?
A
Incisive, Maxilla, Palatine
7
Q
Where is the Incisive bone located?
A
Most rostrally located bone of the upper arcade
8
Q
Which teeth are embedded into this bone?
A
The incisors
9
Q
What structures are part of the hard palate?
A
incisive papilla
Rugae
10
Q
Where is the incisive papilla located?
A
directly behind the incisors
11
Q
What is the rugae of the hard palate?
A
ribbed mucous membranes
12
Q
What is the geniohyoideus?
A
muscle on the medial aspect of the floor of the oral cavity
13
Q
Where does the geniohyoideus attach?
A
the basihyoid
14
Q
What is the mylohyoideus?
A
the mill of the mouth - a muscle on the floor of the oral cavity
15
Q
What direction does the mylohyoideus run in?
A
medially to laterally
16
Q
What are the regions of the tongue?
A
apex, body, root
17
Q
What is the lingual frenulum?
A
connects the tongue too the floor of the oral cavity
18
Q
What are the types of papillae of the tongue?
A
fungiform, filiform, vallate, conical, foliate
19
Q
What are the fungiform papillae?
A
black dots - taste buds
20
Q
What are the filiform papillae?
A
mechanical papillae
21
Q
How are the filiform papillae different in cats?
A
they are larger, and their purpose is to aid in scraping flesh off of their prey
22
Q
What are the vallate papillae?
A
taste buds
23
Q
Where are the vallate papillae located?
A
on the root part of the tongue
24
Q
What are the conical papillae?
A
cone shaped mechanical papillae
25
What is the function of the conical papillae?
to help push food back into the esophagus
26
Where are the conical papillae located?
on the most caudal aspect of the tongue in the root zone
27
What are the foliate papillae?
sensory papillae in dogs but not in cates
28
Where are foliate papillae located?
on the lateral aspect of the tongue
29
What are the bones of the hyoid apparatus?
stylohyoid, epihyoid, certohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid
30
What is the most rostral and dorsal hyoid bone?
the stylohyoid
31
What are the muscles of the tongue?
hyoepiglotticus, geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyohlossus, styloglossus
32
Where is the hyoepiglotticus attached?
the hyoid to the epiglottis
33
What is the function of the hyoepiglotticus?
pulls the epiglottis ventrally
34
True or False: There is a muscle that pulls the epiglottis dorsally
False
35
Where does the genioglossus attach?
from chin to tongue
36
Where does the hyoglossus attach?
from the hyoid to the tongue
37
Where does the styloglossus attach?
from the styloid process to the tongue
38
Where is the mandibular salivary gland located?
Most caudally located, ventral to the sternocephalicus
39
Where is the opening of the mandibular salivary gland?
Sublingual caruncles
40
Where is the sublingual salivary gland located?
rostral to the mandibular gland and ventral to the parotid gland
41
What are the two parts of the sublingual salivary gland?
Monostomatic and polystomatic
42
Where is the opening of the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland?
sublingual caruncles
43
Where is the opening of the polystomatic sublingual salivary gland?
sublingual recess
44
Where is the zygomatic salivary gland located?
ventral to the eye, most rostral salivary gland
45
Where does the zygomatic salivary gland open?
Buccal to the upper PM4 and M1
46
Where is the parotid gland located?
ventrally to the ear
47
Where does the parotid salivary gland open?
buccal to the upper PM4 and M1
48
What are the borders of the oropharynx?
palatoglossal arches, soft palate, isthmus of the fauces, root of the tongue, fauces
49
What structures are a part of the oropharynx?
palatoglossal arches, isthmus of the fauces, root of the tongue, fauces, soft palate, palatine tonsils
50
What are the pharyngeal constrictors?
hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus
51
What is the function of the cricopharyngeus?
It is the upper esophageal sphincter, pushes food into the esophagus
52
Where does the thoracic cavity end?
at the diaphragm
53
What does the thoracic cavity encase?
all thoracic organs
54
What are the cranial and caudal borders of the abdominal cavity?
Begins at the caudal end of the diaphragm to the urinary bladder
55
What does the abdominal cavity encase?
all abdominal organs
56
What are the boundaries of the thoracic region?
The first thoracic vertebrae to the last thoracic vertebrae
57
What are the boundaries of the abdominal region?
From the caudal side of the last thoracic vertebrae to the beggining of the pelvic cavity (the urinary bladder)
58
What is the intrathoracic region?
the portion of the thoracic region that encases the part of the abdominal cavity
59
What is the falciform ligament?
A site to store fat in the dog
60
Where does the falciform ligament span?
from the umbilicus to the diaphragm
61
What is contained in the falciform ligament aside from fat?
The round ligament of the liver which is the remnant of the umbilical vein
62
Where is the median ligament of the urinary bladder?
on the ventral aspect of the ventral cavity running from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder
63
What does the median ligament of the urinary bladder contain?
the remnant of the urachus
64
Where is the root of the mesentery centered?
on the cranial mesenteric artery
65
Where is the root of the mesentery located?
most dorsally near the visceral side of the liver
66
How are the portions of the mesentery named?
based on what they are connected to
67
Where is the descending colon located?
on the left hand side of the abdominal cavity when facing it dorsally
68
Where is the descending duodenum located?
on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity when facing it dorsally
69
What are the aspects of the greater omentum?
superficial leaf, omental bursa, deep leaf
70
Where is the omental bursa located?
in between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum
71
Where is the spleen located when you are looking at the superficial leaf?
If the spleen is 'on top' of the omentum then you are looking at the superficial leaf
72
Where is the spleen located when you are looking at the deep leaf?
the spleen is 'underneath' the omentum
73
When the omentum is reflected cranially, what region of the omentum are you looking at?
deep leaf
74
What is the hepatogastric ligament?
The ligament connecting the lesser omentum between the stomach and the liver
75
What is the hepatoduodenal ligament?
the ligament connecting the lesser omentum between the stomach and duodenum
76
In the thoracic cavity, where does the esophagus lay?
dorsal to the trachea before it branches into the lungs, then dorsal to the mediastinum but ventral to the aorta
77
Does the esophagus have a serosal covering?
No
78
What is the tunica adventita?
the connective tissue that covers the esophagus
79
What is the tunica muscularis?
The muscle that lines the esophagus
80
What kind of muscle do dogs have in their esophagus?
skeletal muscle
81
What kind of muscle do cats have in their esophagus?
Skeletal muscle AND smooth muscle (on the caudal aspect of their esophagus)
82
What is involved in the hepatic portal circulation?
vena cava, hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein
83
What type of blood supply does the vena cava provide to the liver?
functional blood supply
84
What type of blood supply does the hepatic artery provide to the liver?
nutritional blood supply
85
How does the hepatic portal vein function with the liver?
it comes from the intestinal tract to the liver for extra filtering.
86
Why is there no latex in the hepatic portal vein in our specimins?
because there is a capillary system on both sides of the vein that latex does not go through
87
What is the hepatic porta?
The hylus of the liver : hepatic portal vein enters, hepatic artery enters, bile duct exits
88
Where is the gall bladder located?
In between the right medial liver lobe and the quadrate lobe
89
What is special about the feline gall bladder?
it can be bi-lobed, it is not common but not abnormal
90
What is the cystic duct connected to?
the bile duct and the gall bladder
91
When does the cystic duct become the bile duct?
When the first branch of the hepatic duct feeds into the cystic duct
92
What are the components of the biliary tree?
gall bladder, cystic duct, bile duct, hepatic duct
93
What are the surfaces of the liver?
parietal and visceral
94
What does the parietal surface of the liver face?
the cranial aspects of the diaphragm
95
What does the visceral surface of the liver face?
the bulk of the viscera
96
What does the coronary ligament surround?
the vena cava
97
What surface of the liver is the coronary ligament on?
the parietal surface
98
What lobes of the liver is the coronary ligament connected to?
the left and right medial lung lobes
99
What is the area nuda?
The part of the liver that is not covered by serous membrane
100
What is the right triangular ligament connected to?
the right lateral liver lobe
101
What is the left triangular ligament connected to?
the left lateral liver lobe
102
What are the aspects of the left side of the liver?
the medial and lateral lobes
103
Which side of the liver is the largest?
the left side
104
What are the parts of the liver?
left, right, caudate, quadrate
105
What are the parts of the right liver?
medial and lateral liver lobes
106
What are the parts of the caudate liver lobe?
the papillary process and the caudate process
107
Where is the papillary process located?
dorsally, encroaching on the left side of the liver
108
Where is the caudate process located?
on the dorsal side of the right side of the liver
109
What structure is the caudate process adjacent to?
the right kidney
110
Where is the quadrate lobe located?
ventrally, in between the left and right sides of the liver
111
Where is the stomach located when it is empty?
in the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity
112
What side of the body is the entirety of the stomach located on in the cat?
the left side
113
What is the cardia?
the opening structure of the stomach at the end of the esophagus
114
What is the cardiac ostium?
where the stomach blends into the esophagus
115
What is the fundus?
an outpouching of the stomach located on the dorsal aspect
116
What are the boundaries of the body of the stomach?
Runs from the cardia, not including the fundus, to the angular incisure
117
What are the boundaries of the pyloric part of the stomach?
From the angular incisure to the pylorus
118
What is the pyloric antrum?
the part of the pyloric part of the stomach that opens into the body of the stomach
119
What is the pyloric canal?
the canal that leads up to the pylorus
120
What is the pylorus?
a valve/sphincter that leads into the small intestine
121
What connects to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
the lesser omentum
122
What connects to the greater curvature of the stomach?
the superficial leaf of the greater omentum
123
What is in the stomach that increases surface area?
rugae
124
Why is rugae needed?
because mucous cannot stretch, so the rugae do it for the stomach
125
What do the rugae look like when the stomach is contracted?
like ridges
126
What do the rugae look like when the stomach is full?
flat
127
What are the parts of the pancreas?
the left lobe, the right, lobe and the body
128
What does the left lobe run next to?
the stomach
129
What does the right lobe live next to?
the mesoduodenum and the descending duodenum
130
What part of the greater omentum is the right lobe of the pancreas associated with?
the deep leaf
131
Where is the body of the pancreas located?
where the right and the left lobe meet
132
Where does the pancreatic duct open into?
in a papilla in that opens into the descending duodenum called the major duodenal papilla
133
What does the bile duct empty into?
the major duodenal papilla
134
If a cat has one of the duodenal papilla, which one does it have?
the major duodenal papilla
135
How do the duodenal papillas prevent backflow?
they enter it at an angle
136
What are the ducts of the pancreas?
the pancratic duct and the accessory pancreatic duct
137
Which pancreatic duct is bigger in the dog?
the accessory pancreatic duct
138
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty into?
with a papilla in the duodenum considered the minor duodenal papilla
139
What percentage of cats have both duodenal papillae?
20
140
What are the parts of the duodenum in order from leaving the stomach?
cranial duodenum to the cranial duodenal flexure to the descending colon to the caudal duodenal flexure to the ascending duodenum
141
What does the cranial duodenum connect to?
the stomach
142
What happens at the cranial duodenal flexure?
the duodenum turns from cranial to caudal here
143
When can you see the descending duodenum?
when the greater omentum is reflected cranially
144
What direction does the descending duodenum run ?
cranial to caudal
145
What happens at the caudal duodenal flexure?
the duodenum turns from caudal to cranial here
146
How does the ascending duodenum connect to the descending colon?
via the duodenalcolic ligament
147
What is the bulk of the intestinal track?
jejunum
148
What is the ileocecal fold?
the ligament that attaches the ileum and the secum together
149
What does the illeocecal fold cover?
the illeum (some consider the entire part of it)
150
What is another way to tell where the ileum is?
Find the antimesentaric blood supply. It feeds the ileum
151
What is the cecum?
a blinded pouch that is attached to the colon
152
True or false: there is a direct opening between the cecum and the ileum
false
153
What is the shape of the cecum in the dog?
a corkscrew
154
What is the shape of the cecum in the cat?
a comma
155
What direction does the ascending duodenum run?
caudal to cranial
156
What does the secum open into?
the ascending colon
157
How does the ascending colon transition into the transverse colon?
the right colic flexure
158
How does the transverse colon run?
cranial to the mesenteric root
159
What is the part of the large intestine that runs closest to the stomach?
the transverse colon
160
What are the parts of the large intestine?
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
161
How does the transverse colon transition into the descending colon?
via the left colic flexure
162
How does the descending colon run?
crainial to caudal
163
How does the descending colon connect to the ascending duodenum?
via the duodenocolic ligament
164
Orad
towards the oral cavity
165
aborad
away from the oral cavity
166
How does the ileum connect to the ascending colon?
via the ileocolic sphincter and orifice - tight
167
How does the cecum connect to the ascending colon?
via the cecalcolic orifice
168
What is the anus?
the opening at the very end of the colon
169
How long is the anal canal?
about 1-2cm
170
What is the anal canal considered?
the area of transition from the mucous membrane to sqaumous cells
171
What is found in the anal canal?
the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter
172
What type of muscle is in the internal anal sphincter?
smooth muscle
173
What system runs the internal anal sphincter?
the autonomic nervous system
174
What is the function of the external anal sphincter?
voluntary defecation - at appropriate times
175
What is located deep in the external sphincter?
the anal sacs
176
What is the function of anal sacs?
for secretion of fluids
177
What happens when there is a complication with surgery when removing an anal sac?
fecal incontinence
178
What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
levator ani and coccygeus
179
What is the ischeorectal fossa?
the space in between the ischium and fossa
180
What happens to the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm in intact male dogs?
the muscles weaken causing the dog to push organs subcutaneously when defecating - perineal hernia
181
What is the head of the spleen associated with?
the left kidney and the fundus of the stomach
182
Why is the spleen large in preserved specimens?
because of the drug that was used to euthanize them
183
Where is the majority of the spleen located?
on the left side of the body
184
Where is the hylus of the spleen located?
on the visceral side
185
When the stomach is contracted, what part of the body can the spleen venture into?
the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity
