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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the digestive apparatus?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, alimentary canal, accessory organs

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2
Q

What is the labial frenula?

A
  • strand of tissue in between incisors that connects the lip to the dental arcade
  • superior and inferior
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3
Q

What is the oral fornix?

A

the space in between the dental arcade and the lip

-superior and inferior

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4
Q

What structures are included in the oral vestibule?

A

rima oris, lips and cheeks, oral fornix, teeth and gingiva

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5
Q

What structures are included in the oral cavity (os)?

A

teeth and gingiva, palates (part of the soft palate), tongue, palatoglossal arches and isthmus of the fauces

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6
Q

What are the bones of the hard palate?

A

Incisive, Maxilla, Palatine

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7
Q

Where is the Incisive bone located?

A

Most rostrally located bone of the upper arcade

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8
Q

Which teeth are embedded into this bone?

A

The incisors

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9
Q

What structures are part of the hard palate?

A

incisive papilla

Rugae

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10
Q

Where is the incisive papilla located?

A

directly behind the incisors

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11
Q

What is the rugae of the hard palate?

A

ribbed mucous membranes

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12
Q

What is the geniohyoideus?

A

muscle on the medial aspect of the floor of the oral cavity

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13
Q

Where does the geniohyoideus attach?

A

the basihyoid

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14
Q

What is the mylohyoideus?

A

the mill of the mouth - a muscle on the floor of the oral cavity

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15
Q

What direction does the mylohyoideus run in?

A

medially to laterally

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16
Q

What are the regions of the tongue?

A

apex, body, root

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17
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

connects the tongue too the floor of the oral cavity

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18
Q

What are the types of papillae of the tongue?

A

fungiform, filiform, vallate, conical, foliate

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19
Q

What are the fungiform papillae?

A

black dots - taste buds

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20
Q

What are the filiform papillae?

A

mechanical papillae

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21
Q

How are the filiform papillae different in cats?

A

they are larger, and their purpose is to aid in scraping flesh off of their prey

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22
Q

What are the vallate papillae?

A

taste buds

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23
Q

Where are the vallate papillae located?

A

on the root part of the tongue

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24
Q

What are the conical papillae?

A

cone shaped mechanical papillae

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25
Q

What is the function of the conical papillae?

A

to help push food back into the esophagus

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26
Q

Where are the conical papillae located?

A

on the most caudal aspect of the tongue in the root zone

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27
Q

What are the foliate papillae?

A

sensory papillae in dogs but not in cates

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28
Q

Where are foliate papillae located?

A

on the lateral aspect of the tongue

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29
Q

What are the bones of the hyoid apparatus?

A

stylohyoid, epihyoid, certohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid

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30
Q

What is the most rostral and dorsal hyoid bone?

A

the stylohyoid

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31
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A

hyoepiglotticus, geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyohlossus, styloglossus

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32
Q

Where is the hyoepiglotticus attached?

A

the hyoid to the epiglottis

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33
Q

What is the function of the hyoepiglotticus?

A

pulls the epiglottis ventrally

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34
Q

True or False: There is a muscle that pulls the epiglottis dorsally

A

False

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35
Q

Where does the genioglossus attach?

A

from chin to tongue

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36
Q

Where does the hyoglossus attach?

A

from the hyoid to the tongue

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37
Q

Where does the styloglossus attach?

A

from the styloid process to the tongue

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38
Q

Where is the mandibular salivary gland located?

A

Most caudally located, ventral to the sternocephalicus

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39
Q

Where is the opening of the mandibular salivary gland?

A

Sublingual caruncles

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40
Q

Where is the sublingual salivary gland located?

A

rostral to the mandibular gland and ventral to the parotid gland

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41
Q

What are the two parts of the sublingual salivary gland?

A

Monostomatic and polystomatic

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42
Q

Where is the opening of the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland?

A

sublingual caruncles

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43
Q

Where is the opening of the polystomatic sublingual salivary gland?

A

sublingual recess

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44
Q

Where is the zygomatic salivary gland located?

A

ventral to the eye, most rostral salivary gland

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45
Q

Where does the zygomatic salivary gland open?

A

Buccal to the upper PM4 and M1

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46
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

ventrally to the ear

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47
Q

Where does the parotid salivary gland open?

A

buccal to the upper PM4 and M1

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48
Q

What are the borders of the oropharynx?

A

palatoglossal arches, soft palate, isthmus of the fauces, root of the tongue, fauces

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49
Q

What structures are a part of the oropharynx?

A

palatoglossal arches, isthmus of the fauces, root of the tongue, fauces, soft palate, palatine tonsils

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50
Q

What are the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

hyopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, cricopharyngeus

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51
Q

What is the function of the cricopharyngeus?

A

It is the upper esophageal sphincter, pushes food into the esophagus

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52
Q

Where does the thoracic cavity end?

A

at the diaphragm

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53
Q

What does the thoracic cavity encase?

A

all thoracic organs

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54
Q

What are the cranial and caudal borders of the abdominal cavity?

A

Begins at the caudal end of the diaphragm to the urinary bladder

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55
Q

What does the abdominal cavity encase?

A

all abdominal organs

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56
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic region?

A

The first thoracic vertebrae to the last thoracic vertebrae

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57
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdominal region?

A

From the caudal side of the last thoracic vertebrae to the beggining of the pelvic cavity (the urinary bladder)

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58
Q

What is the intrathoracic region?

A

the portion of the thoracic region that encases the part of the abdominal cavity

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59
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

A site to store fat in the dog

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60
Q

Where does the falciform ligament span?

A

from the umbilicus to the diaphragm

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61
Q

What is contained in the falciform ligament aside from fat?

A

The round ligament of the liver which is the remnant of the umbilical vein

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62
Q

Where is the median ligament of the urinary bladder?

A

on the ventral aspect of the ventral cavity running from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder

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63
Q

What does the median ligament of the urinary bladder contain?

A

the remnant of the urachus

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64
Q

Where is the root of the mesentery centered?

A

on the cranial mesenteric artery

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65
Q

Where is the root of the mesentery located?

A

most dorsally near the visceral side of the liver

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66
Q

How are the portions of the mesentery named?

A

based on what they are connected to

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67
Q

Where is the descending colon located?

A

on the left hand side of the abdominal cavity when facing it dorsally

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68
Q

Where is the descending duodenum located?

A

on the right hand side of the abdominal cavity when facing it dorsally

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69
Q

What are the aspects of the greater omentum?

A

superficial leaf, omental bursa, deep leaf

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70
Q

Where is the omental bursa located?

A

in between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum

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71
Q

Where is the spleen located when you are looking at the superficial leaf?

A

If the spleen is ‘on top’ of the omentum then you are looking at the superficial leaf

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72
Q

Where is the spleen located when you are looking at the deep leaf?

A

the spleen is ‘underneath’ the omentum

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73
Q

When the omentum is reflected cranially, what region of the omentum are you looking at?

A

deep leaf

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74
Q

What is the hepatogastric ligament?

A

The ligament connecting the lesser omentum between the stomach and the liver

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75
Q

What is the hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

the ligament connecting the lesser omentum between the stomach and duodenum

76
Q

In the thoracic cavity, where does the esophagus lay?

A

dorsal to the trachea before it branches into the lungs, then dorsal to the mediastinum but ventral to the aorta

77
Q

Does the esophagus have a serosal covering?

A

No

78
Q

What is the tunica adventita?

A

the connective tissue that covers the esophagus

79
Q

What is the tunica muscularis?

A

The muscle that lines the esophagus

80
Q

What kind of muscle do dogs have in their esophagus?

A

skeletal muscle

81
Q

What kind of muscle do cats have in their esophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle AND smooth muscle (on the caudal aspect of their esophagus)

82
Q

What is involved in the hepatic portal circulation?

A

vena cava, hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

83
Q

What type of blood supply does the vena cava provide to the liver?

A

functional blood supply

84
Q

What type of blood supply does the hepatic artery provide to the liver?

A

nutritional blood supply

85
Q

How does the hepatic portal vein function with the liver?

A

it comes from the intestinal tract to the liver for extra filtering.

86
Q

Why is there no latex in the hepatic portal vein in our specimins?

A

because there is a capillary system on both sides of the vein that latex does not go through

87
Q

What is the hepatic porta?

A

The hylus of the liver : hepatic portal vein enters, hepatic artery enters, bile duct exits

88
Q

Where is the gall bladder located?

A

In between the right medial liver lobe and the quadrate lobe

89
Q

What is special about the feline gall bladder?

A

it can be bi-lobed, it is not common but not abnormal

90
Q

What is the cystic duct connected to?

A

the bile duct and the gall bladder

91
Q

When does the cystic duct become the bile duct?

A

When the first branch of the hepatic duct feeds into the cystic duct

92
Q

What are the components of the biliary tree?

A

gall bladder, cystic duct, bile duct, hepatic duct

93
Q

What are the surfaces of the liver?

A

parietal and visceral

94
Q

What does the parietal surface of the liver face?

A

the cranial aspects of the diaphragm

95
Q

What does the visceral surface of the liver face?

A

the bulk of the viscera

96
Q

What does the coronary ligament surround?

A

the vena cava

97
Q

What surface of the liver is the coronary ligament on?

A

the parietal surface

98
Q

What lobes of the liver is the coronary ligament connected to?

A

the left and right medial lung lobes

99
Q

What is the area nuda?

A

The part of the liver that is not covered by serous membrane

100
Q

What is the right triangular ligament connected to?

A

the right lateral liver lobe

101
Q

What is the left triangular ligament connected to?

A

the left lateral liver lobe

102
Q

What are the aspects of the left side of the liver?

A

the medial and lateral lobes

103
Q

Which side of the liver is the largest?

A

the left side

104
Q

What are the parts of the liver?

A

left, right, caudate, quadrate

105
Q

What are the parts of the right liver?

A

medial and lateral liver lobes

106
Q

What are the parts of the caudate liver lobe?

A

the papillary process and the caudate process

107
Q

Where is the papillary process located?

A

dorsally, encroaching on the left side of the liver

108
Q

Where is the caudate process located?

A

on the dorsal side of the right side of the liver

109
Q

What structure is the caudate process adjacent to?

A

the right kidney

110
Q

Where is the quadrate lobe located?

A

ventrally, in between the left and right sides of the liver

111
Q

Where is the stomach located when it is empty?

A

in the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity

112
Q

What side of the body is the entirety of the stomach located on in the cat?

A

the left side

113
Q

What is the cardia?

A

the opening structure of the stomach at the end of the esophagus

114
Q

What is the cardiac ostium?

A

where the stomach blends into the esophagus

115
Q

What is the fundus?

A

an outpouching of the stomach located on the dorsal aspect

116
Q

What are the boundaries of the body of the stomach?

A

Runs from the cardia, not including the fundus, to the angular incisure

117
Q

What are the boundaries of the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

From the angular incisure to the pylorus

118
Q

What is the pyloric antrum?

A

the part of the pyloric part of the stomach that opens into the body of the stomach

119
Q

What is the pyloric canal?

A

the canal that leads up to the pylorus

120
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

a valve/sphincter that leads into the small intestine

121
Q

What connects to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

the lesser omentum

122
Q

What connects to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

the superficial leaf of the greater omentum

123
Q

What is in the stomach that increases surface area?

A

rugae

124
Q

Why is rugae needed?

A

because mucous cannot stretch, so the rugae do it for the stomach

125
Q

What do the rugae look like when the stomach is contracted?

A

like ridges

126
Q

What do the rugae look like when the stomach is full?

A

flat

127
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

the left lobe, the right, lobe and the body

128
Q

What does the left lobe run next to?

A

the stomach

129
Q

What does the right lobe live next to?

A

the mesoduodenum and the descending duodenum

130
Q

What part of the greater omentum is the right lobe of the pancreas associated with?

A

the deep leaf

131
Q

Where is the body of the pancreas located?

A

where the right and the left lobe meet

132
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct open into?

A

in a papilla in that opens into the descending duodenum called the major duodenal papilla

133
Q

What does the bile duct empty into?

A

the major duodenal papilla

134
Q

If a cat has one of the duodenal papilla, which one does it have?

A

the major duodenal papilla

135
Q

How do the duodenal papillas prevent backflow?

A

they enter it at an angle

136
Q

What are the ducts of the pancreas?

A

the pancratic duct and the accessory pancreatic duct

137
Q

Which pancreatic duct is bigger in the dog?

A

the accessory pancreatic duct

138
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty into?

A

with a papilla in the duodenum considered the minor duodenal papilla

139
Q

What percentage of cats have both duodenal papillae?

A

20

140
Q

What are the parts of the duodenum in order from leaving the stomach?

A

cranial duodenum to the cranial duodenal flexure to the descending colon to the caudal duodenal flexure to the ascending duodenum

141
Q

What does the cranial duodenum connect to?

A

the stomach

142
Q

What happens at the cranial duodenal flexure?

A

the duodenum turns from cranial to caudal here

143
Q

When can you see the descending duodenum?

A

when the greater omentum is reflected cranially

144
Q

What direction does the descending duodenum run ?

A

cranial to caudal

145
Q

What happens at the caudal duodenal flexure?

A

the duodenum turns from caudal to cranial here

146
Q

How does the ascending duodenum connect to the descending colon?

A

via the duodenalcolic ligament

147
Q

What is the bulk of the intestinal track?

A

jejunum

148
Q

What is the ileocecal fold?

A

the ligament that attaches the ileum and the secum together

149
Q

What does the illeocecal fold cover?

A

the illeum (some consider the entire part of it)

150
Q

What is another way to tell where the ileum is?

A

Find the antimesentaric blood supply. It feeds the ileum

151
Q

What is the cecum?

A

a blinded pouch that is attached to the colon

152
Q

True or false: there is a direct opening between the cecum and the ileum

A

false

153
Q

What is the shape of the cecum in the dog?

A

a corkscrew

154
Q

What is the shape of the cecum in the cat?

A

a comma

155
Q

What direction does the ascending duodenum run?

A

caudal to cranial

156
Q

What does the secum open into?

A

the ascending colon

157
Q

How does the ascending colon transition into the transverse colon?

A

the right colic flexure

158
Q

How does the transverse colon run?

A

cranial to the mesenteric root

159
Q

What is the part of the large intestine that runs closest to the stomach?

A

the transverse colon

160
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

161
Q

How does the transverse colon transition into the descending colon?

A

via the left colic flexure

162
Q

How does the descending colon run?

A

crainial to caudal

163
Q

How does the descending colon connect to the ascending duodenum?

A

via the duodenocolic ligament

164
Q

Orad

A

towards the oral cavity

165
Q

aborad

A

away from the oral cavity

166
Q

How does the ileum connect to the ascending colon?

A

via the ileocolic sphincter and orifice - tight

167
Q

How does the cecum connect to the ascending colon?

A

via the cecalcolic orifice

168
Q

What is the anus?

A

the opening at the very end of the colon

169
Q

How long is the anal canal?

A

about 1-2cm

170
Q

What is the anal canal considered?

A

the area of transition from the mucous membrane to sqaumous cells

171
Q

What is found in the anal canal?

A

the internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter

172
Q

What type of muscle is in the internal anal sphincter?

A

smooth muscle

173
Q

What system runs the internal anal sphincter?

A

the autonomic nervous system

174
Q

What is the function of the external anal sphincter?

A

voluntary defecation - at appropriate times

175
Q

What is located deep in the external sphincter?

A

the anal sacs

176
Q

What is the function of anal sacs?

A

for secretion of fluids

177
Q

What happens when there is a complication with surgery when removing an anal sac?

A

fecal incontinence

178
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani and coccygeus

179
Q

What is the ischeorectal fossa?

A

the space in between the ischium and fossa

180
Q

What happens to the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm in intact male dogs?

A

the muscles weaken causing the dog to push organs subcutaneously when defecating - perineal hernia

181
Q

What is the head of the spleen associated with?

A

the left kidney and the fundus of the stomach

182
Q

Why is the spleen large in preserved specimens?

A

because of the drug that was used to euthanize them

183
Q

Where is the majority of the spleen located?

A

on the left side of the body

184
Q

Where is the hylus of the spleen located?

A

on the visceral side

185
Q

When the stomach is contracted, what part of the body can the spleen venture into?

A

the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity

Anatomy (27 decks)

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