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DAT Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lungs

A
  • left lung = 2 lobes
  • right lung = 3 lobes
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2
Q

pleura

A

covers the lungs
* parietal pleura (outer layer)
* visceral layer (inner layer)
* pleural space = space between layers and lower pressure than atmospheric pressure —> creates intrapleural pressure

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3
Q

diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle underneath lungs; involved in inspiration and expiration

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4
Q

inspiration

A
  • contracts diaphragm –> pulls lungs downward
  • external intercostal muscels expand ribcage
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5
Q

expiration

A
  • relaxes diaphragm –> lungs moves back up
  • closes ribcage through elastic recoil
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6
Q

what allows gases to flow?

A
  • difference in partial pressure allows gases to flow from high to low pressure areas
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7
Q

lung volumes

A

draw the diagram

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8
Q

air pathway

A

nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

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9
Q

nasal cavity

A

filters/moistens/warms air because of hair and mucus

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10
Q

pharynx

A

food and air can both path through here

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11
Q

epiglottis

A

covers trachea when swallowing, opens when breathing

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12
Q

larynx

A

voice box right underneath epiglottis, vocal cords vibrate to make sound

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13
Q

trachea

A

main windpipe, made of cartilage, has mucus + cilia on walls

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14
Q

bronchi

A

2 divisions of trachea, one to each lung, also has cilia/mucus

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15
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs one cell thick, allows diffusion between gas and capillaries
* surfactants: substance present in alveoli that decrease surface tension

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16
Q

what contains hemoglobin?

A

RBC

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • tetrameric (4) with heme cofactor
  • iron atoms bind oxygen
  • 1 hemoglobin = carries 4 oxygen molecules
18
Q

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A

transports oxygen
* cooperativity: the more oxygen that bind the easier it is for the rest to bind

19
Q

carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)

A

carbon monoxide outcompetes oxygen and carbon monoside posioning occurs

20
Q

carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

A

transports carbon dioxide
* CO2 is more soluble and mostly dissolved in blood as bicarbonate aninon (HCO3-)

21
Q

reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)

A

H+ bind to hemoglobin and outcompete oxygen –> increases HbCO2 but decreases HbO2

22
Q

myoglobin

A
  • modified globin with single heme group
  • higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
  • found in red muscle
  • faciliates oxygen transfer and storage in red muscle
  • more primative He molecule
23
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Hb decreases O2 affinity when CO2 is high

24
Q

gas exchange

A
  • oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: at different pressures of oxygen, different % of hemoglobin will be bound to oxygen
25
Q

gas exchange at high pressures

A
  • in the lungs
  • cause increased binding so O2 can enter erythrocytes
26
Q

gas exchange at low pressures

A
  • in tissues
  • cause decreased binding, so O2 can enter tissues
27
Q

higher CO2 pressure/concentration

A

rightward shift
* lowers oxygen binding affinity

28
Q

higher temperature

A

rightward shift

29
Q

more acidic (higher H+)

A

rightward shift

30
Q

higher 2,3-DPG

A

rightward shift
* accumaltes in cells undergoing anaerobic respiration

31
Q

CADET face RIGHT

A

Carbon dioxide, acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, and Temperature
* CADET increase –> right shifted curve

32
Q

Haldane effect

A

Hb increases CO2 affinity when O2 decreases

33
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves through lungs between normal inhalation and exhalation

34
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

max. volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation

35
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

max. volume that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

36
Q

residual volume

A

min. amount of air in lungs to prevent collapse

37
Q

functional residual capacity

A

entire volume of air still present after normal exhalation
sum of expiratory reserve volume + residual vol.

38
Q

vital capacity

A

max. amount of air that can be exhaled after max. inhalation

39
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of vital capacity + residual volume
max volume lungs can hold at anytime

40
Q

tracheal tubes

A

transport and exchange gases in insects

41
Q

book lungs

A

gas exchange in arachnids

DAT Biology (20 decks)

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