Respiratory System Flashcards
lungs
- left lung = 2 lobes
- right lung = 3 lobes
pleura
covers the lungs
* parietal pleura (outer layer)
* visceral layer (inner layer)
* pleural space = space between layers and lower pressure than atmospheric pressure —> creates intrapleural pressure
diaphragm
skeletal muscle underneath lungs; involved in inspiration and expiration
inspiration
- contracts diaphragm –> pulls lungs downward
- external intercostal muscels expand ribcage
expiration
- relaxes diaphragm –> lungs moves back up
- closes ribcage through elastic recoil
what allows gases to flow?
- difference in partial pressure allows gases to flow from high to low pressure areas
lung volumes
draw the diagram
air pathway
nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
nasal cavity
filters/moistens/warms air because of hair and mucus
pharynx
food and air can both path through here
epiglottis
covers trachea when swallowing, opens when breathing
larynx
voice box right underneath epiglottis, vocal cords vibrate to make sound
trachea
main windpipe, made of cartilage, has mucus + cilia on walls
bronchi
2 divisions of trachea, one to each lung, also has cilia/mucus
alveoli
tiny air sacs one cell thick, allows diffusion between gas and capillaries
* surfactants: substance present in alveoli that decrease surface tension
what contains hemoglobin?
RBC
hemoglobin
- tetrameric (4) with heme cofactor
- iron atoms bind oxygen
- 1 hemoglobin = carries 4 oxygen molecules
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
transports oxygen
* cooperativity: the more oxygen that bind the easier it is for the rest to bind
carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)
carbon monoxide outcompetes oxygen and carbon monoside posioning occurs
carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)
transports carbon dioxide
* CO2 is more soluble and mostly dissolved in blood as bicarbonate aninon (HCO3-)
reduced hemoglobin (H+Hb)
H+ bind to hemoglobin and outcompete oxygen –> increases HbCO2 but decreases HbO2
myoglobin
- modified globin with single heme group
- higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
- found in red muscle
- faciliates oxygen transfer and storage in red muscle
- more primative He molecule
Bohr Effect
Hb decreases O2 affinity when CO2 is high
gas exchange
- oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: at different pressures of oxygen, different % of hemoglobin will be bound to oxygen
gas exchange at high pressures
- in the lungs
- cause increased binding so O2 can enter erythrocytes
gas exchange at low pressures
- in tissues
- cause decreased binding, so O2 can enter tissues
higher CO2 pressure/concentration
rightward shift
* lowers oxygen binding affinity
higher temperature
rightward shift
more acidic (higher H+)
rightward shift
higher 2,3-DPG
rightward shift
* accumaltes in cells undergoing anaerobic respiration
CADET face RIGHT
Carbon dioxide, acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, and Temperature
* CADET increase –> right shifted curve
Haldane effect
Hb increases CO2 affinity when O2 decreases
tidal volume
volume of air that moves through lungs between normal inhalation and exhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
max. volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
max. volume that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
residual volume
min. amount of air in lungs to prevent collapse
functional residual capacity
entire volume of air still present after normal exhalation
sum of expiratory reserve volume + residual vol.
vital capacity
max. amount of air that can be exhaled after max. inhalation
total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity + residual volume
max volume lungs can hold at anytime
tracheal tubes
transport and exchange gases in insects
book lungs
gas exchange in arachnids
