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DAT Biology > Reproduction & Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Reproduction & Developmental Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

regeneration

A

part of organism breaks off and that part can regenerate or make a new organsims
* fungi do this

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2
Q

parthenogenesis

A

unfertilized egg develops into viable organism

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3
Q

spermiogenesis

A

where haploid spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa
* no change in amount of genetic material

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4
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of mature spermatozoae
* diploid –> haploid

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5
Q

how many meiotic divisions do spermatogonia occur?

A

2 meiotic divisions become 4 spermatids

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6
Q

semiferous tubules of testes

A

site of spermatogenesis

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7
Q

sertoli cells

A

activated by FSH; surround and nourish sperm

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8
Q

what do sertoli cells produce

A

inhibin that acts as negative feedback on FSH

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9
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

produce spermatozoa

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10
Q

epididymis

A

sperm not yet mature transported here for maturation and storage

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11
Q

movement of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra > penis

SEVEn UP

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12
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • secrete fructose
  • viscous mucus
  • prostaglandins
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13
Q

prostate gland

A

alkaline secretions to counteract uterine acidity

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14
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

cleans and lubricates urethra

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15
Q

FSH in males

A

stimulates sperm development in seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

LH in males

A

stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

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17
Q

oogenesis step

A
  1. many oogonia produced; small fraction differentiate into primary oocytes that begin meiosis 1 and stop in prophase 1
  2. at puberty: one egg/month ovulates completing meiosis 1 but arrested in metaphase 2 with polar body
  3. if fertilization: meiosis 2 completed
  4. at end of meiosis 2: 2-3 polar bodies and 1 oocyte
18
Q

FSH in females

A

stimulates follicles to develop and production of estrogen and progesterone

19
Q

LH in females

A

ovulation of egg and corpus luteum formation

20
Q

birth control pills

A

produce synthetic estorgen/progesterone inhibiting GnRH through negative feedback preventing cycle from causing ovulation

21
Q

follicular phase

menstrual cycle

A

GnRH > LH and FSH from anterior pituitary > release of estrogen > thickening of endometrium > rapid LH spike > ovulation

22
Q

ovulation

menstrual cycle

A

fimbriae in oviduct catches egg, cilia sweep it into oviduct waiting for sperm

23
Q

luteal phase

menstrual cycle

A

follicle develops into corpus luteum > progesterone > uterine linining thickens in prep for implantation

24
Q

if no implantation

menstrual cycle

A

LH and FSH drop > corpus luteum no longer maintained > progesterone/estrogen drop > endometrium sloughs off (menstruation)

25
Q

if implantation

menstrual cycle

A

outer layer of placenta produces hCG > corpus luteum maintained > progesterone/estrogen maintained

26
Q

type of asexual reproduction in mitochondria/chloroplast

A

binary fission

27
Q

septum in binary fission

A

two copies of DNA to form dividing wall to separate them spliting to create 2 daughter cells

28
Q

haplodiploidy

A

sex determination base on whether organism is haploid/diploid

29
Q

only cells that can undergo mitosis and meiosis

A

germ cells

30
Q

fertilization steps

A
  1. capacitation
  2. acrosomal reaction
  3. polyspermy block
  4. completion of meiosis ll for secondary oocyte
  5. zygote formation
31
Q

capacitation

A

final maturation stage for sperm occuring in female uterus

32
Q

acromosomal reaction

A

recognition process between sperm and egg before they fuse together

33
Q

acromosomal reaction

A
  • recognition between egg and sperm before fusing
  • ensures same-species fertilization
34
Q

vitelline layer

A

layer of glycoproteins that surrounds PM of egg
* known as zona pellucida and jelly coat

35
Q

corona radiata

A

outermost layer of an egg cell
* responsible for nourishment during development

36
Q

types of polyspermy blocks

A

fast and slow block

37
Q

cortical granules function

A
  1. zona pellucida > impenetrable fertilization envelope
  2. stimulate proteases to sever link between zona pellucida and PM
38
Q

blastomere

A

small cells resulting from cleavage

39
Q

types of cleavage

A
  1. radial vs spiral
  2. determinate vs indeterminate
  3. holoblastic vs meroblastic
40
Q

cleavage of deuterostomes and protostomes

A

radial , spiral

41
Q

meroblastic

A

partial cleavage that only happens in parts of the embryo thus entire embryo doesn’t evenly divide

DAT Biology (20 decks)

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