Cellular Energy

Question 1

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

entropy (disorder) of universe is always iincreasing
- combined change must be positive

Question 2

3rd law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

entropy of substance at absolute zero is 0

Question 3

RNA nucleoside triphosphate

Answer 3

contains adenine nitrogenous base + ribose sugar + 3 phosphate groups

Question 4

why is ATP less stable?

`

Answer 4

because of negatively charged phosphate group

Question 5

what is the acidic region in the mitochondria

Answer 5

intermembrane

Question 6

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 6

• similar in size
• own circular DNA
• ribosomes with large and small subunit
• double membrane

Question 7

glycolysis location

Answer 7

in cytosol
doesn’t require oxygen

Question 8

glycolysis formula

Answer 8

Glucose –> 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate

Question 9

hexokinase function

Answer 9

uawa 1 ATP to phosphorylate glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

Question 10

isomerase function

Answer 10

glucose-6-phosphate –> fructose-6-phosphate

Question 11

phosphofructokinase (PKC)

Answer 11

fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose-1,6-biphospate

Question 12

net glycolysis ATP

Answer 12

4 net ATP

Question 13

pyruvate oxidation formula

Answer 13

2 pyruvate –> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2 Acetyl-CoA

Question 14

decarboxylation

Answer 14

pyruvate molecules move from cytsol to mitochondrial matrix
produce CO2 and 2-carbon molecule/pyruvate

Question 15

oxidation

of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 15

2 carbon molecule –> acetyl group
gives electron to NAD+
NAD+ –> NADH

Question 16

CoA

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 16

binds to acetyl group –> acetyl-CoA

Question 17

kreb’s cycle location

Answer 17

in mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes
in cytosol in prokaryotes

Question 18

kreb’s cycle formula

Answer 18

2 Acetyl-CoA –> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP

Question 19

citrate

Answer 19

acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate

Question 20

what does citrate produce

Answer 20

2CO2 + 2NADH

Question 21

loss of 2CO2 results in

Answer 21

CO2

Question 22

oxidative phosphorylation location

Answer 22

mitochondrial inner membrane in eurkaryotes
cell membrane in prokaryotes

Question 23

fermentation location

Answer 23

in cytosol

Question 24

fermentation

Answer 24

anaerobic pathway that relies only on glycolysis by converting pyruvat into 2 different molecules to oxidize NADH –> NAD+

Question 25

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 25

2 NADH from glycolysis --> **2 pyruvate + 2 lactic acid**

Question 26

Cori Cycle | lactic acid fermentation

Answer 26

helps convert lactate back into glucose when O2 is available - transports lactate to liver where oxidized back into pyruvate

Question 27

what is used my muscle cells during intense exercise?

Answer 27

lactic acid fermentation

Question 28

where does lactic acid fermentation continuosly occur

Answer 28

RBC because they lack mitochondria

Question 29

alcohol fermentation

Answer 29

uses 2 NADH from glycolysis --> **2 pyruvate + 2 ethanol**

Question 30

extra step in alcohol fermentation

Answer 30

decarboxylation of pyruvate --> acetaldehyde then reduce by NADH --> ethanol

Question 31

obligate aerobes

Answer 31

only aerobic respiration; require O2 to survive

Question 32

obligate anaerobes

Answer 32

only anaerobic respiration/fermentation oxygen = posion

Question 33

facultative anaerobes

Answer 33

can do aerobic/anaerobic respiration/fermentation **but prefer aerobic because it generates most ATP**

Question 34

microaerophiles

Answer 34

only aerobic respiration but too much O2 is harmful

Question 35

aerotolerant organisms

Answer 35

only anaerobic/fermentation but O2 isn't poisonous to them