Cellular Energy Flashcards
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy (disorder) of universe is always iincreasing
- combined change must be positive
3rd law of thermodynamics
entropy of substance at absolute zero is 0
RNA nucleoside triphosphate
contains adenine nitrogenous base + ribose sugar + 3 phosphate groups
why is ATP less stable?
`
because of negatively charged phosphate group
what is the acidic region in the mitochondria
intermembrane
endosymbiotic theory
- similar in size
- own circular DNA
- ribosomes with large and small subunit
- double membrane
glycolysis location
in cytosol
doesn’t require oxygen
glycolysis formula
Glucose –> 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
hexokinase function
uawa 1 ATP to phosphorylate glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
isomerase function
glucose-6-phosphate –> fructose-6-phosphate
phosphofructokinase (PKC)
fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose-1,6-biphospate
net glycolysis ATP
4 net ATP
pyruvate oxidation formula
2 pyruvate –> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2 Acetyl-CoA
decarboxylation
pyruvate molecules move from cytsol to mitochondrial matrix
produce CO2 and 2-carbon molecule/pyruvate
oxidation
of pyruvate oxidation
2 carbon molecule –> acetyl group
gives electron to NAD+
NAD+ –> NADH
CoA
pyruvate oxidation
binds to acetyl group –> acetyl-CoA
kreb’s cycle location
in mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes
in cytosol in prokaryotes
kreb’s cycle formula
2 Acetyl-CoA –> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP
citrate
acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate
what does citrate produce
2CO2 + 2NADH
loss of 2CO2 results in
CO2
oxidative phosphorylation location
mitochondrial inner membrane in eurkaryotes
cell membrane in prokaryotes
fermentation location
in cytosol
fermentation
anaerobic pathway that relies only on glycolysis by converting pyruvat into 2 different molecules to oxidize NADH –> NAD+
lactic acid fermentation
2 NADH from glycolysis –> 2 pyruvate + 2 lactic acid
Cori Cycle
lactic acid fermentation
helps convert lactate back into glucose when O2 is available
- transports lactate to liver where oxidized back into pyruvate
what is used my muscle cells during intense exercise?
lactic acid fermentation
where does lactic acid fermentation continuosly occur
RBC because they lack mitochondria
alcohol fermentation
uses 2 NADH from glycolysis –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ethanol
extra step in alcohol fermentation
decarboxylation of pyruvate –> acetaldehyde then reduce by NADH –> ethanol
obligate aerobes
only aerobic respiration; require O2 to survive
obligate anaerobes
only anaerobic respiration/fermentation
oxygen = posion
facultative anaerobes
can do aerobic/anaerobic respiration/fermentation but prefer aerobic because it generates most ATP
microaerophiles
only aerobic respiration but too much O2 is harmful
aerotolerant organisms
only anaerobic/fermentation but O2 isn’t poisonous to them
