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DAT Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neuronal

cellular communication

A

fast, direct, targets specific cells/tissues (nerves)

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2
Q

hormonal

cellular communication

A
  • seen in the endocrine system
  • slow
  • widespread
  • affects multiple cells/tissues throughout body
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3
Q

paracrine system

cellular communication

A

local hormones released by cells into IF to act on a nearby cell

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4
Q

neuron structure

A

soma, dendrites, and axons

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5
Q

neuron function

A

transmit electrical signals from one cell to another

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6
Q

soma

A

cell body

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7
Q

dendrites

A

extension –> receives signals signal

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8
Q

axon

A

sends signal out
* axon hillock
* myelin sheath
* nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

axon hillock

axon

A

connection to cell body

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10
Q

myelin sheath

axon

A

fatty acid insulation (speed up AP by stopping ion exchange)

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11
Q

cells that make myelin

axon

A
  • oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • schwann cells in PNS
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12
Q

white matter

A

axons with myelin

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13
Q

gray matter

A

axons without myelin

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • 70 mV
  • Establish by Na+/K+ pump
  • 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in makes inside of cell have negative charge relative to outside
  • Maintained by Na+/K+ ATPases via hydrolysis of ATP
  • K+ leaky channels also maintain RMP
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15
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Stimulus cause threshold potential to be -55 mV
  • Voltage-gated Na channels open, Na+ diffuses into cell
  • Inside develops a positive charge
  • K+ channels close
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16
Q

Transition point

A
  • Depolarization to repolarization
  • Na+ reaches peak and channels close
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17
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na+ channels close
  • Voltage gated K+ channels open, K+ diffuses out
  • Inside of cell becomes negative once again
  • Absolute refractory period
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18
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • Inside of cell becomes more negative than resting potential due to K+ flow
  • Relative refractory period
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19
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

no stimulus can cause AP
* Due to inactivation of Na+ channels

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20
Q

Relative refractory period

A

requires strong stimulus for AP

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21
Q

Synapse

A
  1. AP reaches end of presynaptic axon  voltage gated Ca++ channels open and enters neuron
  2. Ca++ cause synaptic vesicles to fuse/exocytosis from neuron with NT inside
  3. NT binds to ligand gated ion channels on post synaptic neuron  graded potentials
  4. Graded potentials summate at axon hillock and AP fires once it passes threshold
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22
Q

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

A

depolarized membrane and cause Na+ ions to flow into cell

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23
Q

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

A

hyperpolarized membrane and causes K+ to flow OUT and Cl- in

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24
Q

Electrical synapse

A

in cardiac/smooth muscle cells
* Gap junctions allow electrical signal to go through much faster than chemical synapse

25
Q

Chemical synapse

A

NT released into synaptic cleft diffuses to receptors on next cell
* Second messenger system: G protein connected to receptor activated when NT binds, can open channels, activate proteins or cause gene transcription
* can only happen in 1D, slowest part

26
Q

sensory/afferent

A

carries signals from receptors to brain via interneurons

27
Q

interneurons

A

carries signal from neuron to neuron

28
Q

motor/efferent

A

carries signals from brain to muscle/glands

29
Q

glia cells

A
  • non-neuronal cells in nervous system
  • support and surround neurons
30
Q

microglial cells

A

macrophages that protect CNS

31
Q

macroglial cells

A
  • astrocytes: from blood brain barrier, recycle NT, provide blood to CNS
  • satellite cells: astrocytes of PNS
  • schwann cells: myelin sheath in PNS
  • oligodendrocytes: myelin sheath in CNS
  • ependymal cells: produce CSF in CNS
32
Q

amino acid NT

A
  • glutamate: excitatory
  • GABA and glycine: inhibitory
33
Q

amino acid derived NT

A
  • Epi/NE: excitatory @ postsynaptic neuron
  • dopamine: excitatory in brain (reward-motivated)
  • serotonin: inhibitory in brain (mood, sleep) and increases contraction in GI
34
Q

gas NT

A

NO –> vasodilation

35
Q

other NT

A

ACh
* excitatory @ presynatpic neurons
* excitatory @ muscles
* post-synaptic NT in PNS

36
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

37
Q

higher brain

A

cerebrum, cerebral cortex
* conscious activties like memories and thoughts

38
Q

lower brain

A

medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum
* subconscious activies like breathing, BP, emotions, reactions to pains

39
Q

meninges

A

protect CNS and have 3 layers
* DAP: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

40
Q

frontal lobe

A

high function processes
* decision making, problem solving, attention, and concentration

41
Q

temporal lobe

A

speech and hearing

42
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

43
Q

parietal lobe

A

spatial perception (PAT) and sensation

44
Q

cerebellum

A

mini brain underneath occipital lobe, import for coordination of movement

45
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

46
Q

midbrain

A

relays sensory information

47
Q

pons

A

relays messages between forebrain and medulla

48
Q

medulla oblongata

A

HR, breathing rate, BP, toxic sensing

49
Q

limibic system

A

emotions, memory, learning, and motivation
* thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

50
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory and motor information

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates hormone secretion in body

52
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for memory consolidation

53
Q

amydala

A

emotional reactions happen here to scents

54
Q

PNS

A
  • everything else (all nerves branching off CNS)
  • CNS
  • ANS
  • recieves input from sensory (afferent) neurons
55
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

voluntary sensor and motor functions, responds to environment
* controls skeletal muscle, use ACh

56
Q

autonomic nervous sytem

A

involuntary controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
* sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

57
Q

sympathetic ANS

A
  • “fight or flight”, increases HR, increases blood flow to skeletal msucles, decreases blood flow to digestive system
  • Epi/NE
  • releases sugar into blood for energy
  • increase HR for oxygen delivery
  • vasodilation of skeletal blood vessels
  • vasoconstriction of GI system
  • dilation of bronchi and bronchioles to allow O2 to lungs
  • dilates pupils to increase information to the brain
58
Q

parasympathetic ANS

A
  • “rest and digest”, opposite of sympathetic
  • ACh
  • SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defamation, GI, excretion)
  • relaxes muscles
  • decrease HR
  • maintains homeostasis

DAT Biology (20 decks)

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