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DAT Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

innate immunity

A
  • first line of defense
  • inflammatory response
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2
Q

external immunity

A
  • physical/physiological barriers froms first line of defense
  • skin mucous membrane in digestive system
  • chemical secretions (lysozyme in tears)
  • cilia sweap out pathogens in respiratory system
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3
Q

internal immunity

A
  • neutralize any pathogens that enter
  • macrophages and neutrophils eat up foreign organisms through phagocytosis
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4
Q

inflammation

A

occurs when blood vessels dilate making capillaries more permeable to allow more blood cells to go to the area –> which is why sometimes is read

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5
Q

mast cells

A

type of leukocyte that causes rally signal
* already present waiting for injury
* injury –> mast cells release histamine –> dilate vessels
* increase in blood flow = vessels more permeable to let immune cells into tissue to fight injury

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6
Q

5 sings of inflammation (SLIPR)

A
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
  • Increased heat
  • Pain
  • Redness
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7
Q

Movement of Molecules

A
  • diapedesis: cells move from capillaries to tissues to fight pathogens
  • chemotaxis: cells move in response to chemical signals (ex: histones)
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8
Q

5 types of Leukocytes (WBCs)

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A
  • neutrophils: phagocytosis in innate immmunity, increase in bacterial infections
  • lymphocytes: B cells and T cells; natural killer cells
  • Macrophages: phagocytosis in innate immunity, increase in fungal or viral infection; act as APC (antigen presenting cells)
  • eosinophils: increase in parasitic infections or allergic reactions
  • basophils: increase in allergic reactions (can cause histamine release)

from most present to least present

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9
Q

dendritic cell

A
  • mature langerhan cells
  • scan tissues for pathogens
  • act as APC (antigen presenting cells)
  • migrate to lymph nodes with antigen to activate adaptive immunity
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10
Q

APC

A
  • use TRLS (Toll Like Receptors)= common parts on ALL microbes
  • recognize these common parts on pathogens and triggers phagocytosis
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11
Q

INFs (Interferons)

A
  • secreted by virally infected cells –> activate dendritic cells
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12
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • specific response targets specific antigens on pathogens
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13
Q

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

part of adaptive immunity

A
  • allow immune system to recognize self vs. intruder
  • MHC I: on ALL NUCLEATED CELLS, genetically different for each person (can lead to transplant failure/autoimmune disease)
  • MHC II: only on APC (dendrites, macrophages, or B cells)
  • body can recognize foregin antigens and foreign MHCs
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14
Q

antigen

A

immunogenic foregin molecule that is targeted

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15
Q

B cell/humoral immunity

adaptive immunity

A
  • B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow, make antibodies
  • antibodies circulate in blood and recognize an antigen on surface of foregin partices –> can cause agglutination, deactivation/signal cells to eat foregin substance
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16
Q

Primary Response –> B cell/humoral immunity

A

when an antibody sees a matchcing antigen, it will cause B lymphoctye to differentiate into plasma cells (make tons of antibodies) and memory B cells (remember foregin antigen for future

17
Q

secondary response –> B cell/humoral immunity

A

when the same antigen is seen by the body, memory B cells will start producing antibodies quickly to get rid of it
* memory B cells are key to vaccinations
* useful for foreign organisms

18
Q

IgM

antibody class

A
  • structure: pentamer
  • first type of antibody produced after exposure to antigen
  • largest antibody
  • binds to antigen –> activates complement system
19
Q

IgA

antibody class

A
  • structure: dimer
  • found mostly in body secretions
  • can provide newborn with passive immunity during breastfeeding
  • bind externally to pathogens before they enter circulation
20
Q

IgE

antibody class

A
  • monomer
  • produced in allergens
  • found on mast cells and basophils, inducing them to release histamine
21
Q

IgD

antibody class

A
  • monomer
  • function is not understood
22
Q

IgG

antibody class

A
  • monomer
  • found mostly in circulation
  • can cross the placenta to provide fetus with passive immunity
  • opsonizes bacteria and neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses
23
Q

T cell/cell-mediated immunity

adaptive immunity

A
  • differentiate from B cells = directly on cells instead of sending out antibodies
  • t lymphocytes mature in thymus
24
Q

T cells must bind to APC in one of 2 ways

adaptive immmunity –> T cell/cell-mediated immunity

A
  • MHC I presentation: T cells become CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells) –> specific and require APC to present antigen; directly kills infected cells by poking holes and degrading enzymes
  • MHC II presentation: T cells become CD4 T cells (helper T cells) –> release interleukins to increase immune response; help T and B lymphocytes to differentiate
25
Q

passive immunity

A
  • gained from receiving the antibodies from another organism
    examples
  • IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta, fetus can gain immunity from mother
  • newborn can gain immunity from breast milk via IgA antibody
  • fetus/newborn = immuno-naive without own active immunity
26
Q

active immunity

A
  • gained from being infected once previously
  • vaccination can introduce the antigen/pathogen in deactivated state to stimulate memory B and T cells (artificial immunity)
27
Q

Blood Types

A
  • blood has A and B surface antigens. If your body sees blood cells w/ an antigen not recognized by body, it’ll kill it
  • so people with AB blood type have both antigens, if you put blood into anyone without AB then it’ll be destroyed
  • people with O blood type have no antigens, so you can put their blood into anyone
  • Rh factor is another type of antigen that can cause problems in pregnancy

DAT Biology (20 decks)

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