Respiratory System

Question 1

where the lungs are located

Answer 1

thoracic cavity

Question 2

external opening of nose where air enters respiratory tract (nostril) before passing through nasal cavity

Answer 2

nares

Question 3

mucous membranes and nasal hairs that filter air passing through nasal cavity

Answer 3

vibrissae

Question 4

resides behind nasal cavity and at back of mouth; common pathway for both air destined for lungs and food for esophagus

Answer 4

pharynx

Question 5

lies below pharynx; only a pathway for air

Answer 5

larynx

Question 6

opening of larynx

Answer 6

glottis

Question 7

covers glottis during swallowing

Answer 7

epiglottis

Question 8

contained in larynx; maneuvered using skeletal muscle and cartilage

Answer 8

vocal cords

Question 9

cartilaginous place air passes to from larynx; contain ciliated epithelial cells to catch material (filter air)

Answer 9

trachea

Question 10

two main stems air passes to from trachea; contain ciliated epithelial cells to catch material (filter air)

Answer 10

bronchi

Question 11

smaller structures bronchi divide into in the lungs; divide further into alveoli

Answer 11

bronchioles

Question 12

tiny balloon like structures in which gas exchange occurs; small sacs that interface with pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

Answer 12

alveoli

Question 13

coats alveoli to reduce surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse

Answer 13

surfacant

Question 14

cover the lungs and line the chest wall

Answer 14

pleura

Question 15

layer of pleura:

lines adjacent to the lung

Answer 15

visceral pleura

Question 16

layer of pleura:

lines the chest wall

Answer 16

parietal pleura

Question 17

lies between visceral and parietal pleura and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

Answer 17

intrapleural space

Question 18

a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing

Answer 18

diaphragm

Question 19

an active process; the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing volume of the interpleural space, decreasing interpleural pressure; pressure differential expands lungs, dropping pressure within and drawing in air from the environment (negative-pressure breathing)

Answer 19

inhalation

Question 20

may be passive or active (inhalation/exhalation)

Answer 20

exhalation

Question 21

relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

Answer 21

passive exhalation

Question 22

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

Answer 22

active exhalation

Question 23

can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

Answer 23

spirometer

Question 24

maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Answer 24

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 25

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Answer 25

residual volume (RV)

Question 26

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Answer 26

vital capacity (VC)

Question 27

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Answer 27

tidal volume (TV)

Question 28

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Answer 28

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 29

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Answer 29

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 30

a collection of neurons in the basal ganglia that regulates ventilation; can respond to carbon dioxide concentrations (chemoreceptors) or low oxygen concentrations

Answer 30

ventilation center

Question 31

carry deoxygenated blood with high carbon dioxide concentration to the lungs

Answer 31

pulmonary arteries

Question 32

carry oxygenated blood with low carbon dioxide concentration away from the lungs

Answer 32

pulmonary veins

Question 33

thermoregulation in capillary beds of the respiratory system enabled by large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries

Answer 33

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 34

help filter incoming air and trap particulate matter

Answer 34

vibrissae, mucous membranes, and mucociliary escalator

Question 35

in nasal cavity and saliva; attacks thick peptidoglycan call walls of gram-positive bacteria

Answer 35

lysozyme

Question 36

can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

Answer 36

macrophages

Question 37

have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; involved in allergic reactions as well

Answer 37

mast cells

Question 38

method of pH balance in the blood by the respiratory system

Answer 38

bicarbonate buffer system

Question 39

bicarbonate buffer system: | reaction:

Answer 39

Question 40

bicarbonate buffer system: when pH is too acidic (lower than 7.35), because hydrogen ion concentration is high; causes respiration rate to increase to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide, this causes a left shift in the buffer equation reducing hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 40

acidemia

Question 41

bicarbonate buffer system: when pH is too basic (higher than 7.45), because hydrogen ion concentration is low; causes respiration rate to decrease to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide, this cause a right shift in the buffer equation increasing hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 41

alkalemia