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MCAT Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

where the lungs are located

A

thoracic cavity

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2
Q

external opening of nose where air enters respiratory tract (nostril) before passing through nasal cavity

A

nares

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3
Q

mucous membranes and nasal hairs that filter air passing through nasal cavity

A

vibrissae

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4
Q

resides behind nasal cavity and at back of mouth; common pathway for both air destined for lungs and food for esophagus

A

pharynx

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5
Q

lies below pharynx; only a pathway for air

A

larynx

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6
Q

opening of larynx

A

glottis

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7
Q

covers glottis during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

contained in larynx; maneuvered using skeletal muscle and cartilage

A

vocal cords

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9
Q

cartilaginous place air passes to from larynx; contain ciliated epithelial cells to catch material (filter air)

A

trachea

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10
Q

two main stems air passes to from trachea; contain ciliated epithelial cells to catch material (filter air)

A

bronchi

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11
Q

smaller structures bronchi divide into in the lungs; divide further into alveoli

A

bronchioles

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12
Q

tiny balloon like structures in which gas exchange occurs; small sacs that interface with pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

A

alveoli

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13
Q

coats alveoli to reduce surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse

A

surfacant

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14
Q

cover the lungs and line the chest wall

A

pleura

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15
Q

layer of pleura:

lines adjacent to the lung

A

visceral pleura

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16
Q

layer of pleura:

lines the chest wall

A

parietal pleura

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17
Q

lies between visceral and parietal pleura and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

A

intrapleural space

18
Q

a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing

A

diaphragm

19
Q

an active process; the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing volume of the interpleural space, decreasing interpleural pressure; pressure differential expands lungs, dropping pressure within and drawing in air from the environment (negative-pressure breathing)

A

inhalation

20
Q

may be passive or active (inhalation/exhalation)

A

exhalation

21
Q

relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

A

passive exhalation

22
Q

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

A

active exhalation

23
Q

can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

A

spirometer

24
Q

maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

25
Q

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

A

residual volume (RV)

26
Q

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

A

vital capacity (VC)

27
Q

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

A

tidal volume (TV)

28
Q

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

29
Q

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

30
Q

a collection of neurons in the basal ganglia that regulates ventilation; can respond to carbon dioxide concentrations (chemoreceptors) or low oxygen concentrations

A

ventilation center

31
Q

carry deoxygenated blood with high carbon dioxide concentration to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

32
Q

carry oxygenated blood with low carbon dioxide concentration away from the lungs

A

pulmonary veins

33
Q

thermoregulation in capillary beds of the respiratory system enabled by large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

34
Q

help filter incoming air and trap particulate matter

A

vibrissae, mucous membranes, and mucociliary escalator

35
Q

in nasal cavity and saliva; attacks thick peptidoglycan call walls of gram-positive bacteria

A

lysozyme

36
Q

can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

A

macrophages

37
Q

have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; involved in allergic reactions as well

A

mast cells

38
Q

method of pH balance in the blood by the respiratory system

A

bicarbonate buffer system

39
Q

bicarbonate buffer system:

reaction:

A
40
Q

bicarbonate buffer system:
when pH is too acidic (lower than 7.35), because hydrogen ion concentration is high; causes respiration rate to increase to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide, this causes a left shift in the buffer equation reducing hydrogen ion concentration

A

acidemia

41
Q

bicarbonate buffer system:
when pH is too basic (higher than 7.45), because hydrogen ion concentration is low; causes respiration rate to decrease to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide, this cause a right shift in the buffer equation increasing hydrogen ion concentration

A

alkalemia

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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