Endocrine System

Question 1

organs of endocrine system that secrete hormones

Answer 1

glands

Question 2

signaling molecules that are secreted into blood stream, travel to target tissues, bind to receptors, and induce a change in gene expression or cellular functioning

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

can be classified by chemical structure (peptides, steroids, and amino acid derivatives) or by their target tissues (direct and tropic)

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

hormones made of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during post-translational modification

Answer 4

peptide hormones

Question 5

hormones that are polar and cannot pass through plasma membrane

Answer 5

peptide hormones

Question 6

hormones that bind to extracellular receptors because they are charged and can’t pass through plasma membrane

Answer 6

peptide hormones

Question 7

a peptide hormone is considered the _____; it binds to the receptor and triggers transmission of the second messenger

Answer 7

first messenger

Question 8

connection between hormone at surface and effect brought about by second messengers within the cell; possibility of amplification at every step

Answer 8

signaling cascade

Question 9

hormones that exert effects that usually have rapid onset but are short lived

Answer 9

peptide hormones

Question 10

hormones that are water-soluble so they are able to travel freely in the bloodstream with no need of a special carrier

Answer 10

peptide hormones

Question 11

hormones derived from cholesterol, produced primarily in the gonads and adrenal cortex

Answer 11

steroid hormones

Question 12

hormones that are minimally polar and can pass through the plasma membrane

Answer 12

steroid hormones

Question 13

hormones that bind to cytosolic or intracellular receptors and promote a conformational change in them; this complex binds to DNA alternating transcription of a gene

Answer 13

steroid hormones

Question 14

hormones that exert effects that usually have slow onset but are long lived

Answer 14

steroid hormones

Question 15

hormones that are lipid-soluble so they cannot dissolve in the bloodstream and must be carried by specific proteins

Answer 15

steroid hormones

Question 16

hormones derived from one or two amino acids, usually with few additional modifications; share features with both peptide and steroid hormones
include: epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine

Answer 16

amino acid-derivative hormones

Question 17

hormones that have major effects on non-endocrine tissues

Answer 17

direct hormones

Question 18

hormones that have major effects on other endocrine tissues

Answer 18

tropic hormones

Question 19

the bridge between nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

process in the hypothalamus:
the final hormone (or product) of a pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway, maintaining homeostasis

Answer 20

negative feedback

Question 21

the hypothalamus stimulates the _____ through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects the two organs

Answer 21

anterior pituitary

Question 22

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of FSH and LH

Answer 22

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Question 23

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of growth hormone (GH)

Answer 23

GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)

Question 24

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 24

TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone)

Question 25

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus: | promotes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 25

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) / CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor)

Question 26

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus: | inhibits release of prolactin

Answer 26

PIF/dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor)

Question 27

the hypothalamus interacts with the _____ via axons of nerves projected by the hypothalamus; ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus then travel down axons to the _____, where they are released into the bloodstream

Answer 27

posterior pituitary

Question 28

releases hormones in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus; four are tropic (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) and three are direct (prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone)

Answer 28

anterior pituitary

Question 29

hormones released by the anterior pituitary

Answer 29

mnemonic: FLAT PEG | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone

Question 30

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

Answer 30

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Question 31

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

Answer 31

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 32

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

Answer 32

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 33

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid

Answer 33

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Question 34

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes milk production

Answer 34

prolactin

Question 35

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | decreases perception of pain and can produce euphoria

Answer 35

endorphins

Question 36

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary: | promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues, raises blood glucose concentrations

Answer 36

GH (growth hormone)

Question 37

releases two hormones produced in hypothalamus

Answer 37

posterior pituitary

Question 38

hormone released by the posterior pituitary: increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys, secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity

Answer 38

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

Question 39

hormone released by the posterior pituitary: | stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation; has positive feedback loop

Answer 39

oxytocin

Question 40

controlled from anterior pituitary; located at base of neck in front of trachea; two major functions: setting basal metabolic rate (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) and promoting calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)

Answer 40

thyroid

Question 41

hormone produced by thyroid: produced by follicular cells and contain iodine; increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids; required for proper neurological and physical development in children

Answer 41

triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T3 and T4)

Question 42

hormone produced by thyroid: produced by parafollicular (C) cells; decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in the bone

Answer 42

calcitonin

Question 43

release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 43

parathyroid glands

Question 44

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands: increases blood calcium concentration; decreases excretion of calcium by kidneys and increases bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium concentration; activates vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut; promotes resorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney

Answer 44

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Question 45

secretes corticosteroids that can be divided into three functional classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones

Answer 45

adrenal cortex

Question 46

functions of three functional classes secreted by adrenal cortex

Answer 46

glucocorticoids - sugar mineralocorticoids - salt cortical sex hormones - sex

Question 47

``` functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex: regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism, release is stimulated by ACTH ```

Answer 47

glucocorticoids

Question 48

glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex: increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in immune response

Answer 48

cortisol and cortisone

Question 49

``` functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex: used in salt and water homeostasis ```

Answer 49

mineralocorticoids

Question 50

mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex: promotes sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, increasing water reabsorption; increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion; activity is regulated by renin-angiotensin-_____ system

Answer 50

aldosterone

Question 51

``` functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex: include androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens in both males and females ```

Answer 51

cortical sex hormones

Question 52

derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the blood stream: promotes glycogenolysis, increases basal metabolic rate, increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, and alters blood flow

Answer 52

adrenal medulla

Question 53

``` class of hormones produced by the adrenal medulla: includes sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are involved in fight-or-flight responses ```

Answer 53

catecholamines

Question 54

endocrine function is to produce hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

Answer 54

pancreas

Question 55

in the pancreas: groups of small clusters of hormone producing cells; contain three distinct cell types: alpha (α), beta (β), and delta (δ) cells

Answer 55

islets of Langerhans

Question 56

hormone produced by the pancreas: produced by α-cells, raises blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Answer 56

glucagon

Question 57

hormone produced by the pancreas: produced by β-cells, lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

Answer 57

insulin

Question 58

hormone produced by the pancreas: | produced by δ-cells, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Answer 58

somatostatin

Question 59

produce hormones involved in development and maintenance of reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 59

gonads

Question 60

secrete testosterone in response to stimulation by gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Answer 60

testes

Question 61

secrete estrogen and progesterone in response to stimulation by gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Answer 61

ovaries

Question 62

helps to regulate circadian rhythms by releasing hormone called melatonin

Answer 62

pineal gland

Question 63

produce hormones like secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin

Answer 63

stomach and intestine

Question 64

secrete erythropoietin hormone: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells) in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

Answer 64

kidneys

Question 65

secretes hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): promotes excretion of salt and water in kidneys in response to stretching of atria (high blood volume)

Answer 65

atria of the heart

Question 66

secretes thymosin hormone: important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

Answer 66

thymus

Question 67

caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells of the pancreas, leading to inability to produce insulin, and reliance on insulin injections

Answer 67

Type I diabetes mellitus

Question 68

branch of the peripheral nervous system the adrenal medulla is involved in

Answer 68

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system