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MCAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

organs of endocrine system that secrete hormones

A

glands

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2
Q

signaling molecules that are secreted into blood stream, travel to target tissues, bind to receptors, and induce a change in gene expression or cellular functioning

A

hormones

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3
Q

can be classified by chemical structure (peptides, steroids, and amino acid derivatives) or by their target tissues (direct and tropic)

A

hormones

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4
Q

hormones made of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during post-translational modification

A

peptide hormones

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5
Q

hormones that are polar and cannot pass through plasma membrane

A

peptide hormones

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6
Q

hormones that bind to extracellular receptors because they are charged and can’t pass through plasma membrane

A

peptide hormones

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7
Q

a peptide hormone is considered the _____; it binds to the receptor and triggers transmission of the second messenger

A

first messenger

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8
Q

connection between hormone at surface and effect brought about by second messengers within the cell; possibility of amplification at every step

A

signaling cascade

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9
Q

hormones that exert effects that usually have rapid onset but are short lived

A

peptide hormones

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10
Q

hormones that are water-soluble so they are able to travel freely in the bloodstream with no need of a special carrier

A

peptide hormones

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11
Q

hormones derived from cholesterol, produced primarily in the gonads and adrenal cortex

A

steroid hormones

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12
Q

hormones that are minimally polar and can pass through the plasma membrane

A

steroid hormones

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13
Q

hormones that bind to cytosolic or intracellular receptors and promote a conformational change in them; this complex binds to DNA alternating transcription of a gene

A

steroid hormones

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14
Q

hormones that exert effects that usually have slow onset but are long lived

A

steroid hormones

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15
Q

hormones that are lipid-soluble so they cannot dissolve in the bloodstream and must be carried by specific proteins

A

steroid hormones

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16
Q

hormones derived from one or two amino acids, usually with few additional modifications; share features with both peptide and steroid hormones
include: epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine

A

amino acid-derivative hormones

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17
Q

hormones that have major effects on non-endocrine tissues

A

direct hormones

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18
Q

hormones that have major effects on other endocrine tissues

A

tropic hormones

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19
Q

the bridge between nervous and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

process in the hypothalamus:
the final hormone (or product) of a pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway, maintaining homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates the _____ through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects the two organs

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of FSH and LH

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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23
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of growth hormone (GH)

A

GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)

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24
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone)

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25
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

promotes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) / CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor)

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26
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus:

inhibits release of prolactin

A

PIF/dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor)

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27
Q

the hypothalamus interacts with the _____ via axons of nerves projected by the hypothalamus; ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus then travel down axons to the _____, where they are released into the bloodstream

A

posterior pituitary

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28
Q

releases hormones in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus; four are tropic (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) and three are direct (prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone)

A

anterior pituitary

29
Q

hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

mnemonic: FLAT PEG

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone

30
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

31
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

32
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

33
Q

tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid

A

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

34
Q

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes milk production

A

prolactin

35
Q

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

decreases perception of pain and can produce euphoria

A

endorphins

36
Q

direct hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary:

promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues, raises blood glucose concentrations

A

GH (growth hormone)

37
Q

releases two hormones produced in hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

38
Q

hormone released by the posterior pituitary:
increases reabsorption of water in collecting ducts of kidneys, secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

39
Q

hormone released by the posterior pituitary:

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation; has positive feedback loop

A

oxytocin

40
Q

controlled from anterior pituitary; located at base of neck in front of trachea; two major functions: setting basal metabolic rate (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) and promoting calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)

A

thyroid

41
Q

hormone produced by thyroid:
produced by follicular cells and contain iodine; increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids; required for proper neurological and physical development in children

A

triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T3 and T4)

42
Q

hormone produced by thyroid:
produced by parafollicular (C) cells; decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in the bone

A

calcitonin

43
Q

release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid glands

44
Q

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands:
increases blood calcium concentration; decreases excretion of calcium by kidneys and increases bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium concentration; activates vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut; promotes resorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

45
Q

secretes corticosteroids that can be divided into three functional classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones

A

adrenal cortex

46
Q

functions of three functional classes secreted by adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids - sugar
mineralocorticoids - salt
cortical sex hormones - sex

47
Q 
functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex:
regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism, release is stimulated by ACTH
A

glucocorticoids

48
Q

glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex:
increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in immune response

A

cortisol and cortisone

49
Q 
functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex:
used in salt and water homeostasis
A

mineralocorticoids

50
Q

mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex:
promotes sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, increasing water reabsorption; increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion; activity is regulated by renin-angiotensin-_____ system

A

aldosterone

51
Q 
functional class of corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex:
include androgens (like testosterone) and estrogens in both males and females
A

cortical sex hormones

52
Q

derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the blood stream: promotes glycogenolysis, increases basal metabolic rate, increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, and alters blood flow

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q 
class of hormones produced by the adrenal medulla:
includes sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are involved in fight-or-flight responses
A

catecholamines

54
Q

endocrine function is to produce hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

A

pancreas

55
Q

in the pancreas:
groups of small clusters of hormone producing cells; contain three distinct cell types: alpha (α), beta (β), and delta (δ) cells

A

islets of Langerhans

56
Q

hormone produced by the pancreas:
produced by α-cells, raises blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

57
Q

hormone produced by the pancreas:
produced by β-cells, lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

A

insulin

58
Q

hormone produced by the pancreas:

produced by δ-cells, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

59
Q

produce hormones involved in development and maintenance of reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics

A

gonads

60
Q

secrete testosterone in response to stimulation by gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

A

testes

61
Q

secrete estrogen and progesterone in response to stimulation by gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

A

ovaries

62
Q

helps to regulate circadian rhythms by releasing hormone called melatonin

A

pineal gland

63
Q

produce hormones like secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin

A

stomach and intestine

64
Q

secrete erythropoietin hormone: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (red blood cells) in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

A

kidneys

65
Q

secretes hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): promotes excretion of salt and water in kidneys in response to stretching of atria (high blood volume)

A

atria of the heart

66
Q

secretes thymosin hormone: important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

A

thymus

67
Q

caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells of the pancreas, leading to inability to produce insulin, and reliance on insulin injections

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

68
Q

branch of the peripheral nervous system the adrenal medulla is involved in

A

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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