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MCAT Biology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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2
Q

muscle type:
involved in support and movement, propulsion of blood in the venous system, and thermoregulation; appears striated, is under voluntary (somatic) control, is polynucleated, and can be divided into red (slow-twitch) fibers and white (fast-twitch) fibers

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

skeletal muscle:

carry out oxidative phosphorylation

A

red (slow-twitch) fibers

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4
Q

skeletal muscle:

rely on anaerobic metabolism

A

white (fast-twitch) fibers

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5
Q

muscle type:
in the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, and digestive systems; appears nonstriated, is under involuntary (autonomic) control, and is uninucleated; can display myogenic activity

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

contraction of muscle without neural input

A

myogenic activity

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7
Q

muscle type:
comprises the contractile tissue of the heart; appears striated, is under involuntary (autonomic) control, and is uninucleated (sometimes binculeated); can display myogenic activity; cells are connected with intercalated discs that contain gap junctions

A

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

cardiac muscle:
connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for flow of ions directly between cells; allows for rapid and coordinated depolarization of muscle cells and efficient contraction of cardiac muscle

A

gap junctions

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

the basic contractile unit of striated muscle; made of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments; can be divided into different lines, zones, and bands

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

sarcomere:

are found on the thin (actin) filament and regulate actin-myosin interactions

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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12
Q

sarcomere:

define the boundaries of each sarcomere

A

Z-lines

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13
Q

sarcomere:

located in the middle of the sarcomere

A

M-line

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14
Q

sarcomere:

contains only thin (actin) filaments

A

I-band

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15
Q

sarcomere:

contains only thick (myosin) filaments

A

H-zone

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16
Q

sarcomere:
contains the thick (myosin) filaments in their entirety; is the only part of the sarcomere that maintains a constant size during contraction

A

A-band

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17
Q

formed by sarcomeres attached end-to-end

A

myofibrils

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18
Q

a calcium-containing modified endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds a myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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19
Q

muscle cells (muscle fibers) formed by many myofibrils

A

myocyte

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20
Q

the cell membrane of a myocyte; has system of T-tubules connected to it that are oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils, allowing the action potential to reach all parts of the muscle

A

sarcolemma

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21
Q

the motor neuron releases acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction that binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, causing depolarization

A

initiation of muscle contraction

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22
Q

where muscle contraction begins

A

neuromuscular junction

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23
Q

initiation of muscle contraction:

spreads down the sarcolemma to the T-tubules, triggering the release of calcium ions

A

depolarization

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24
Q

initiation of muscle contraction:

bind to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin and exposure of the myosin-binding sites on the thin (actin) filament

A

calcium ions

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25
Q

states that shortening of the sarcomere occurs as myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming cross bridges and pulling the thin (actin) filament along the thick (myosin) filament, which results in contraction

A

sliding filament model (cross-bridge model)

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26
Q

occurs when acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase, terminating the signal and allowing calcium to be brought back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); ATP binds to the myosin head, allowing it to release from actin

A

muscle relaxation

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27
Q

muscle cells exhibit an all-or-nothing response

A

simple twitch

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28
Q

addition of multiple simple twitches before the muscle has an opportunity to fully relax

A

frequency summation

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29
Q

simple twitches that occur so frequently as to not let the muscle relax at all, a more prolonged and stronger contraction

A

tetanus

30
Q

contained in muscle cells to reduce oxygen debt and forestall fatigue

A

additional energy reserves

31
Q

the difference between the amount of oxygen needed and the amount present

A

oxygen debt

32
Q

additional energy reserve:

can transfer a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP

A

creatine phosphate

33
Q

additional energy reserve:

a heme-containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve

A

myoglobin

34
Q

can be divided into axial and appendicular

A

human skeletal system

35
Q

consist of bone in the midline such as the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone

A

axial skeleton

36
Q

consists of the bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvis

A

appendicular skeleton

37
Q

is derived from embryonic mesoderm and includes both compact and spongy (cancellous) types

A

bone

38
Q

bone:

provides strength and is dense

A

compact bone

39
Q

bone:

has a lattice-like structure consisting of bony spicules known as trabeculae; the cavities are filled with bone marrow

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

40
Q

bone:
contain shafts called diaphyses that flare to form metaphyses and terminate in epiphyses which contain an epiphyseal (growth) plate that causes linear growth of the bone

A

long bones

41
Q

bone:

layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

A

periosteum

42
Q

bone:

attach bones to muscles

A

tendons

43
Q

bone:

attach bones to each other

A

ligaments

44
Q

provides the strength of compact bone; contains both organic components (collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides) and inorganic components (hydroxyapatite)

A

bone matrix

45
Q

bone matrix:

structural unit of bone; organized into concentric rings called lamellae around a central Haversion or Volkmann’s canal

A

osteons (Haversian system)

46
Q

bone matrix:
located between lamellar rings, contain osteoclasts, which are connected with canaliculi to allow for nutrient and waste transfer

A

lacunae

47
Q

carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

bone remodeling

48
Q

bone remodeling:

build bone

A

osteoblasts

49
Q

bone remodeling:

resorb bone

A

osteoclasts

50
Q

bone remodeling:

increases resorption of bone, increasing calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

51
Q

bone remodeling:

increases resorption of bone, leading to increased turnover and the production of stronger bone

A

vitamin D

52
Q

bone remodeling:

increases bone formation, decreasing calcium concentrations in the blood

A

calcitonin

53
Q

a firm, elastic material usually found in areas that require more flexibility or cushioning, is avascular and is not innervated (supplied with nerves)

A

cartilage

54
Q

secretes cartilage

A

chondrocytes

55
Q

matrix of cartilage

A

chondrin

56
Q

the hardening of cartilage into bone

A

endochondral ossification

57
Q

the transformation of undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) into bone; occurs in bones of the skull

A

intramembranous ossification

58
Q

may be classified as immovable or movable

A

joints

59
Q

joints:

are fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints

A

immovable joints

60
Q

joints:

are usually strengthened by ligaments and contain a synovial capsule

A

movable joints

61
Q

joints:

encloses the joint (articular) cavity

A

synovial capsule

62
Q

joints:

layer of soft tissue that secretes synovial fluid

A

synovium

63
Q

joints:

lubricates the movement of structures in the joint space, aids in motion

A

synovial fluid

64
Q

joints:

coats the articular surfaces of bones in the joint, aids in movement and provides cushioning

A

articular cartilage

65
Q

muscles that serve opposite functions; when one muscle contracts, the other lengthens; e.g. the biceps and triceps

A

antagonistic pairs

66
Q

muscles working together to accomplish the same function

A

synergistic

67
Q

protein that acts primarily as a protein motor, but also has secondary activity as an ATPase

A

myosin

68
Q

a disordered healing mechanism of unplanned cell death

A

necrosis

69
Q

vacant spaces in bone tissue that were formerly occupied by osteocytes; found in mature bone as a result of cell death in cavities that lack blood supply and nerves

A

lacunae

70
Q

contain capillaries and nerves, and osteocytes often form concentric circles around them

A

Haversian canals

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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