Reproduction Flashcards
autosomal cells are __ploid
diploid (2n)
germ cells are __ploid
haploid (n)
longest stage of cell cycle; includes G1, S, and G2
interphase
less condensed form of chromosomes present during interphase
chromatin
responsible for cell cycle
cyclins and cyclin depending kinases (CDK’s)
process by which two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell, four phases, occurs in somatic cells
mitosis
cells not involved in sexual reproduction
somatic cells
phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and spindle forms
prophase
phase of mitosis in which chromosomes align
metaphase
phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate
anaphase
phase of mitosis in which a new nuclear membrane forms and cytokinesis occurs
telophase
separation of the cytoplasm and organelles at the end of telophase in mitosis
cytokinesis
results in up to four nonidentical sex cells (gametes), occurs in gametocytes (germ cells), crossing over can occur
meiosis
stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separated (reductional division)
meiosis I
stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separated (equatational division)
meiosis II
sex-linked is …
x-linked
males with respect to genes of X-chromosome are termed…
hemizygous
develops from primitive gonads in males; two functional components: seminiferous tubule and interstitial cells of Leydig
testis
highly coiled, produces sperm, contains Sertoli cells that nourish sperm
seminiferous tubule
secrete testosterone and other androgens
cells of Leydig
male sex hormones
androgens
external pouch hanging below penis, contains testis, maintains temperature 2-4 degrees Celsius lower than body
scrotum
sperm passed here after formation where their flagella gain mobility, then stored here until ejaculation
epididymis
process where sperm travel through vas deferens and enter ejaculatory ducts which fuse to form the urethra which carries the sperm through the penis as they exit the body
ejaculation
path of sperm
SEVE(N) UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, (nothing), urethra, penis
mixes with sperm passing through reproductive tract, produced by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
seminal fluid
contributes fructose to nourish sperm, gives seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract
seminal vesicles
helps seminal vesicles give seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract
prostate gland
produces clear viscous fluid to clean remnants of urine and lubricate urethra
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
combination of sperm and seminal fluid
semen
formation of haploid sperm through meiosis, occurs in seminiferous tubules, four mature sperm produced
spermatogenesis
diploid stem cells in males, replicate genetic material (S stage), develop into primary spermatocytes
spermatogonia
undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis II to become spermatids
secondary spermatocytes
haploid and undergo maturation to become spermatozoa
spermatids
mature sperm produced from spermatogenesis
spermatozoa
contains genetic material of sperm, covered by cap called acrosome (necessary to penetrate ovum)
head
part of sperm filled with mitochondria to generate ATP from fructose and produce energy to swim though female reproductive tract
midpiece
part of sperm used for motility
flagellum
female gonads, produce estrogen and progesterone, located in pelvic cavity, each consists of thousands of follicles
ovaries
multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs)
follicles
cycle that occurs between puberty and menopause, one egg ovulated per month into peritoneal sac (lines abdominal cavity), then drawn into fallopian duct or oviduct (lines with cilia to propel egg)
ovulation
connected to fallopian tubes, site of fetal development
uterus
lower end of uterus, connects to vaginal canal
cervix
where sperm are deposited during intercourse
vaginal canal
collective external female anatomy
vulva
production of female gametes, finite number of oogonia formed during fetal development (unlike males infinite supply)
oogenesis
oogonia already considered this by birth, like primary spermatocytes, arrest in prophase I
primary oocytes
first menstrual cycle, afterwards one primary oocyte a month will complete meiosis I to produce one secondary oocyte and a polar body (due to unequal distribution of cytoplasm during division)
menarche
remains arrested in prophase II unless fertilization occurs, then splits into mature ovum and another polar body
secondary oocyte
layer that surrounds oocyte itself, protects oocyte, necessary for sperm cell binding
zona pellucida
outer layer of oocyte, layer of cells that adhere to oocyte during ovulation
corona radiata
mature oocyte, large quantity of cytoplasm and organelles
ovum
formed by joining of pronuclei of sperm and ovum
zygote
controls ability to reproduce
hormones
restricts production of GnRH until puberty
hypothalamus
triggers anterior pituitary gland when released during puberty
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
synthesizes and releases FSH and LH when triggered by GnRH
anterior pituitary gland
trigger production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain reproductive system
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH ( luteinizing hormone)
sex in which Y-chromosome leads to production of androgens, lead to differentiation respective of this sex
male
produced by testis, increases during puberty and sperm production begins, results in development of male secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
sex in which ovaries are under control of FSH and LH secreted by anterior pituitary, ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
female
result in development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics
estrogens
secreted by corpus luteum (remains of ovarian follicles following stimulation) in response to LH, involved in development and maintenance of endometrium
progesterone
_____ establishes and _____ protects the endometrium
Estrogen Establishes and Progesterone Protects
cyclic pattern (driven by rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone levels) of endometrial lining growing and shedding
menstrual cycle
stage of menstrual cycle when follicles mature;
starts with menstrual flow (shedding), GnRH increases in turn increasing FSH and LH levels, these help develop ovarian follicles, hormone levels drop off with estrogen
follicular phase
stage of menstrual cycle that occurs when estrogen levels eventually get high enough to signal for spike of GnRH, FSH, and LH; LH in turn induces this stage
ovulation
stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does not occur) stimulation is lost, uterine lining is shed, and hormone levels drop to prepare for next cycle
menstruation
stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does occur) zygote will develop into blastocyst and implant in uterine lining and secrete hCG
pregnancy
maintains corpus luteum, critical during first trimester, levels drop during second
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
when ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH as a woman ages, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, endometrium atrophies, menstruation stops; FSH and LH allowed to rise in absence of negative feedback loops
menopause