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MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

autosomal cells are __ploid

A

diploid (2n)

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2
Q

germ cells are __ploid

A

haploid (n)

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3
Q

longest stage of cell cycle; includes G1, S, and G2

A

interphase

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4
Q

less condensed form of chromosomes present during interphase

A

chromatin

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5
Q

responsible for cell cycle

A

cyclins and cyclin depending kinases (CDK’s)

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6
Q

process by which two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell, four phases, occurs in somatic cells

A

mitosis

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7
Q

cells not involved in sexual reproduction

A

somatic cells

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8
Q

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and spindle forms

A

prophase

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9
Q

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes align

A

metaphase

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10
Q

phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate

A

anaphase

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11
Q

phase of mitosis in which a new nuclear membrane forms and cytokinesis occurs

A

telophase

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12
Q

separation of the cytoplasm and organelles at the end of telophase in mitosis

A

cytokinesis

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13
Q

results in up to four nonidentical sex cells (gametes), occurs in gametocytes (germ cells), crossing over can occur

A

meiosis

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14
Q

stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separated (reductional division)

A

meiosis I

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15
Q

stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separated (equatational division)

A

meiosis II

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16
Q

sex-linked is …

A

x-linked

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17
Q

males with respect to genes of X-chromosome are termed…

A

hemizygous

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18
Q

develops from primitive gonads in males; two functional components: seminiferous tubule and interstitial cells of Leydig

A

testis

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19
Q

highly coiled, produces sperm, contains Sertoli cells that nourish sperm

A

seminiferous tubule

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20
Q

secrete testosterone and other androgens

A

cells of Leydig

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21
Q

male sex hormones

A

androgens

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22
Q

external pouch hanging below penis, contains testis, maintains temperature 2-4 degrees Celsius lower than body

A

scrotum

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23
Q

sperm passed here after formation where their flagella gain mobility, then stored here until ejaculation

A

epididymis

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24
Q

process where sperm travel through vas deferens and enter ejaculatory ducts which fuse to form the urethra which carries the sperm through the penis as they exit the body

A

ejaculation

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25
Q

path of sperm

A

SEVE(N) UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, (nothing), urethra, penis

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26
Q

mixes with sperm passing through reproductive tract, produced by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

A

seminal fluid

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27
Q

contributes fructose to nourish sperm, gives seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract

A

seminal vesicles

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28
Q

helps seminal vesicles give seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract

A

prostate gland

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29
Q

produces clear viscous fluid to clean remnants of urine and lubricate urethra

A

bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

30
Q

combination of sperm and seminal fluid

31
Q

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis, occurs in seminiferous tubules, four mature sperm produced

A

spermatogenesis

32
Q

diploid stem cells in males, replicate genetic material (S stage), develop into primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonia

33
Q

undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes

A

primary spermatocytes

34
Q

undergo meiosis II to become spermatids

A

secondary spermatocytes

35
Q

haploid and undergo maturation to become spermatozoa

A

spermatids

36
Q

mature sperm produced from spermatogenesis

A

spermatozoa

37
Q

contains genetic material of sperm, covered by cap called acrosome (necessary to penetrate ovum)

38
Q

part of sperm filled with mitochondria to generate ATP from fructose and produce energy to swim though female reproductive tract

39
Q

part of sperm used for motility

40
Q

female gonads, produce estrogen and progesterone, located in pelvic cavity, each consists of thousands of follicles

41
Q

multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs)

42
Q

cycle that occurs between puberty and menopause, one egg ovulated per month into peritoneal sac (lines abdominal cavity), then drawn into fallopian duct or oviduct (lines with cilia to propel egg)

43
Q

connected to fallopian tubes, site of fetal development

44
Q

lower end of uterus, connects to vaginal canal

45
Q

where sperm are deposited during intercourse

A

vaginal canal

46
Q

collective external female anatomy

47
Q

production of female gametes, finite number of oogonia formed during fetal development (unlike males infinite supply)

48
Q

oogonia already considered this by birth, like primary spermatocytes, arrest in prophase I

A

primary oocytes

49
Q

first menstrual cycle, afterwards one primary oocyte a month will complete meiosis I to produce one secondary oocyte and a polar body (due to unequal distribution of cytoplasm during division)

50
Q

remains arrested in prophase II unless fertilization occurs, then splits into mature ovum and another polar body

A

secondary oocyte

51
Q

layer that surrounds oocyte itself, protects oocyte, necessary for sperm cell binding

A

zona pellucida

52
Q

outer layer of oocyte, layer of cells that adhere to oocyte during ovulation

A

corona radiata

53
Q

mature oocyte, large quantity of cytoplasm and organelles

54
Q

formed by joining of pronuclei of sperm and ovum

55
Q

controls ability to reproduce

56
Q

restricts production of GnRH until puberty

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

triggers anterior pituitary gland when released during puberty

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

58
Q

synthesizes and releases FSH and LH when triggered by GnRH

A

anterior pituitary gland

59
Q

trigger production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain reproductive system

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH ( luteinizing hormone)

60
Q

sex in which Y-chromosome leads to production of androgens, lead to differentiation respective of this sex

61
Q

produced by testis, increases during puberty and sperm production begins, results in development of male secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

62
Q

sex in which ovaries are under control of FSH and LH secreted by anterior pituitary, ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone

63
Q

result in development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics

64
Q

secreted by corpus luteum (remains of ovarian follicles following stimulation) in response to LH, involved in development and maintenance of endometrium

A

progesterone

65
Q

_____ establishes and _____ protects the endometrium

A

Estrogen Establishes and Progesterone Protects

66
Q

cyclic pattern (driven by rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone levels) of endometrial lining growing and shedding

A

menstrual cycle

67
Q

stage of menstrual cycle when follicles mature;
starts with menstrual flow (shedding), GnRH increases in turn increasing FSH and LH levels, these help develop ovarian follicles, hormone levels drop off with estrogen

A

follicular phase

68
Q

stage of menstrual cycle that occurs when estrogen levels eventually get high enough to signal for spike of GnRH, FSH, and LH; LH in turn induces this stage

69
Q

stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does not occur) stimulation is lost, uterine lining is shed, and hormone levels drop to prepare for next cycle

A

menstruation

70
Q

stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does occur) zygote will develop into blastocyst and implant in uterine lining and secrete hCG

71
Q

maintains corpus luteum, critical during first trimester, levels drop during second

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

72
Q

when ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH as a woman ages, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, endometrium atrophies, menstruation stops; FSH and LH allowed to rise in absence of negative feedback loops

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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