Reproduction

Question 1

autosomal cells are __ploid

Answer 1

diploid (2n)

Question 2

germ cells are __ploid

Answer 2

haploid (n)

Question 3

longest stage of cell cycle; includes G1, S, and G2

Answer 3

interphase

Question 4

less condensed form of chromosomes present during interphase

Answer 4

chromatin

Question 5

responsible for cell cycle

Answer 5

cyclins and cyclin depending kinases (CDK’s)

Question 6

process by which two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell, four phases, occurs in somatic cells

Answer 6

mitosis

Question 7

cells not involved in sexual reproduction

Answer 7

somatic cells

Question 8

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and spindle forms

Answer 8

prophase

Question 9

phase of mitosis in which chromosomes align

Answer 9

metaphase

Question 10

phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate

Answer 10

anaphase

Question 11

phase of mitosis in which a new nuclear membrane forms and cytokinesis occurs

Answer 11

telophase

Question 12

separation of the cytoplasm and organelles at the end of telophase in mitosis

Answer 12

cytokinesis

Question 13

results in up to four nonidentical sex cells (gametes), occurs in gametocytes (germ cells), crossing over can occur

Answer 13

meiosis

Question 14

stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separated (reductional division)

Answer 14

meiosis I

Question 15

stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separated (equatational division)

Answer 15

meiosis II

Question 16

sex-linked is …

Answer 16

x-linked

Question 17

males with respect to genes of X-chromosome are termed…

Answer 17

hemizygous

Question 18

develops from primitive gonads in males; two functional components: seminiferous tubule and interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 18

testis

Question 19

highly coiled, produces sperm, contains Sertoli cells that nourish sperm

Answer 19

seminiferous tubule

Question 20

secrete testosterone and other androgens

Answer 20

cells of Leydig

Question 21

male sex hormones

Answer 21

androgens

Question 22

external pouch hanging below penis, contains testis, maintains temperature 2-4 degrees Celsius lower than body

Answer 22

scrotum

Question 23

sperm passed here after formation where their flagella gain mobility, then stored here until ejaculation

Answer 23

epididymis

Question 24

process where sperm travel through vas deferens and enter ejaculatory ducts which fuse to form the urethra which carries the sperm through the penis as they exit the body

Answer 24

ejaculation

Question 25

path of sperm

Answer 25

SEVE(N) UP: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, (nothing), urethra, penis

Question 26

mixes with sperm passing through reproductive tract, produced by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Answer 26

seminal fluid

Question 27

contributes fructose to nourish sperm, gives seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract

Answer 27

seminal vesicles

Question 28

helps seminal vesicles give seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive acidic female reproductive tract

Answer 28

prostate gland

Question 29

produces clear viscous fluid to clean remnants of urine and lubricate urethra

Answer 29

bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland

Question 30

combination of sperm and seminal fluid

Answer 30

semen

Question 31

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis, occurs in seminiferous tubules, four mature sperm produced

Answer 31

spermatogenesis

Question 32

diploid stem cells in males, replicate genetic material (S stage), develop into primary spermatocytes

Answer 32

spermatogonia

Question 33

undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes

Answer 33

primary spermatocytes

Question 34

undergo meiosis II to become spermatids

Answer 34

secondary spermatocytes

Question 35

haploid and undergo maturation to become spermatozoa

Answer 35

spermatids

Question 36

mature sperm produced from spermatogenesis

Answer 36

spermatozoa

Question 37

contains genetic material of sperm, covered by cap called acrosome (necessary to penetrate ovum)

Answer 37

head

Question 38

part of sperm filled with mitochondria to generate ATP from fructose and produce energy to swim though female reproductive tract

Answer 38

midpiece

Question 39

part of sperm used for motility

Answer 39

flagellum

Question 40

female gonads, produce estrogen and progesterone, located in pelvic cavity, each consists of thousands of follicles

Answer 40

ovaries

Question 41

multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova (eggs)

Answer 41

follicles

Question 42

cycle that occurs between puberty and menopause, one egg ovulated per month into peritoneal sac (lines abdominal cavity), then drawn into fallopian duct or oviduct (lines with cilia to propel egg)

Answer 42

ovulation

Question 43

connected to fallopian tubes, site of fetal development

Answer 43

uterus

Question 44

lower end of uterus, connects to vaginal canal

Answer 44

cervix

Question 45

where sperm are deposited during intercourse

Answer 45

vaginal canal

Question 46

collective external female anatomy

Answer 46

vulva

Question 47

production of female gametes, finite number of oogonia formed during fetal development (unlike males infinite supply)

Answer 47

oogenesis

Question 48

oogonia already considered this by birth, like primary spermatocytes, arrest in prophase I

Answer 48

primary oocytes

Question 49

first menstrual cycle, afterwards one primary oocyte a month will complete meiosis I to produce one secondary oocyte and a polar body (due to unequal distribution of cytoplasm during division)

Answer 49

menarche

Question 50

remains arrested in prophase II unless fertilization occurs, then splits into mature ovum and another polar body

Answer 50

secondary oocyte

Question 51

layer that surrounds oocyte itself, protects oocyte, necessary for sperm cell binding

Answer 51

zona pellucida

Question 52

outer layer of oocyte, layer of cells that adhere to oocyte during ovulation

Answer 52

corona radiata

Question 53

mature oocyte, large quantity of cytoplasm and organelles

Answer 53

ovum

Question 54

formed by joining of pronuclei of sperm and ovum

Answer 54

zygote

Question 55

controls ability to reproduce

Answer 55

hormones

Question 56

restricts production of GnRH until puberty

Answer 56

hypothalamus

Question 57

triggers anterior pituitary gland when released during puberty

Answer 57

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Question 58

synthesizes and releases FSH and LH when triggered by GnRH

Answer 58

anterior pituitary gland

Question 59

trigger production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain reproductive system

Answer 59

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH ( luteinizing hormone)

Question 60

sex in which Y-chromosome leads to production of androgens, lead to differentiation respective of this sex

Answer 60

male

Question 61

produced by testis, increases during puberty and sperm production begins, results in development of male secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 61

testosterone

Question 62

sex in which ovaries are under control of FSH and LH secreted by anterior pituitary, ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone

Answer 62

female

Question 63

result in development and maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 63

estrogens

Question 64

secreted by corpus luteum (remains of ovarian follicles following stimulation) in response to LH, involved in development and maintenance of endometrium

Answer 64

progesterone

Question 65

_____ establishes and _____ protects the endometrium

Answer 65

Estrogen Establishes and Progesterone Protects

Question 66

cyclic pattern (driven by rise and fall of estrogen and progesterone levels) of endometrial lining growing and shedding

Answer 66

menstrual cycle

Question 67

stage of menstrual cycle when follicles mature; starts with menstrual flow (shedding), GnRH increases in turn increasing FSH and LH levels, these help develop ovarian follicles, hormone levels drop off with estrogen

Answer 67

follicular phase

Question 68

stage of menstrual cycle that occurs when estrogen levels eventually get high enough to signal for spike of GnRH, FSH, and LH; LH in turn induces this stage

Answer 68

ovulation

Question 69

stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does not occur) stimulation is lost, uterine lining is shed, and hormone levels drop to prepare for next cycle

Answer 69

menstruation

Question 70

stage of menstrual cycle when (if fertilization does occur) zygote will develop into blastocyst and implant in uterine lining and secrete hCG

Answer 70

pregnancy

Question 71

maintains corpus luteum, critical during first trimester, levels drop during second

Answer 71

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Question 72

when ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH as a woman ages, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, endometrium atrophies, menstruation stops; FSH and LH allowed to rise in absence of negative feedback loops

Answer 72

menopause