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MCAT Biology > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

joining of sperm and ovum

A

fertilization

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2
Q

site fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

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3
Q

uses acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

A

sperm

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4
Q

established by sperm when it contacts oocyte’s plasma membrane, then injects its pronucleus

A

acrosomal apparatus

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5
Q

when sperm first penetrates it causes release of calcium ions preventing additional sperm from fertilizing the egg and increasing the metabolic rate of the resulting diploid zygote

A

cortical reaction

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6
Q

result from fertilization of two eggs by two different sperm

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

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7
Q

result from splitting of a zygote in two

A

identical (monozygotic) twins

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8
Q

refers to early divisions of cell in embryo, result in more smaller cells, but no change in volume

A

cleavage

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9
Q

what zygote becomes after first cleavage because it is no longer unicellular

A

embryo

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10
Q

cleavage that results in cells capable of becoming any cell in organism

A

indeterminate cleavage

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11
Q

cleavage that results in cells committed to differentiating into a specific cell type

A

determinate cleavage

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12
Q

solid mass of cells seen in early development

A

morula

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13
Q

has fluid filled center called blastocoel with two different structures: trophoblast (becomes placental structures) and inner cell mass (becomes the developing organism); implants in endometrial lining and forms the placenta

A

blastula (blastocyst)

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14
Q

contains chorionic villi which penetrate endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

A

chorion

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15
Q

supports embryo before placenta is established

A

yolk sac

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16
Q

involved in early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac

A

allantois

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17
Q

lies just inside chorion, produces amniotic fluid

A

amnion

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18
Q

connects developing organism to placenta

A

umbilical cord

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19
Q

archenteron is formed with a blastopore at the end, as archenteron grows through blastocoel it contacts opposite side establishing three primary germ layers

A

gastrulation

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20
Q

becomes epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelia of nose, mouth, and anal canal, as well as nervous system and lens of eye

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

becomes much of musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems, also gives rise to gonads and muscular and connective tissue layers of digestive and respiratory systems, as well as adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

becomes much of epithelial lining of respiratory and digestive tracts and parts of pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts

A

endoderm

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23
Q

development of nervous system, begins after formation of germ layers

A

neuralation

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24
Q

induces group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds surrounding neural groove

A

notochord

25
Q

forms when neural folds fuse, becomes CNS

A

neural tube

26
Q

contained in tip of each neural fold, becomes PNS

A

neural crest cells

27
Q

substances that interfere with development

A

teratogens

28
Q

occurs as a result of determination and differentiation

A

cell specialization

29
Q

commitment to specific cell lineage, may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or with morphogens (promote development down a specific line), cells must have competency to respond to a specific morphagen

A

determination

30
Q

changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its cell line

A

differentiation

31
Q

cells capable of developing into various cell types, classified by potency

A

stem cells

32
Q

able to differentiate into all cell types, including three germ layers and placental structures

A

totipotent cells

33
Q

able to differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives

A

pluripotent cells

34
Q

able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types

A

multipotent cells

35
Q

occurs through number of different signaling methods

A

cellular communication

36
Q

signaling method of cellular communication that releases factors to promote differentiation of a component responder

A

inducer

37
Q

signaling method of cellular communication where signals act on the same cell that released the signal

A

autocrine

38
Q

signaling method of cellular communication where signals act on local cells

A

paracrine

39
Q

signaling method of cellular communication where signals act through direct stimulation of adjacent cells

A

juxtacrine

40
Q

signaling method of cellular communication where signals act on distant tissues after traveling through the blood system

A

endocrine

41
Q

peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues

A

growth factors

42
Q

term for when two tissues both induce further differentiation in each other

A

reciprocal induction

43
Q

programmed cell death via formation of apoptotic blebs, can be used for sculpting certain anatomical structures

A

apoptosis

44
Q

ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of body

A

regenerative capacity

45
Q

result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes, including shortening of telomeres during cell division

A

senscence

46
Q

site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange; serves endocrine functions, secreting estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

plancenta

47
Q

serves as immune protection against many pathogens, antibodies are transferred from mother to child

A

placental barrier

48
Q

allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be passively exchanged

A

concentration gradients

49
Q

has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA), affinity assists in transfer and retention of oxygen into fetal circulatory system

A

fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

50
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries

51
Q

carries oxygenated blood from placenta back to the fetus

A

umbilical vein

52
Q

differs from adult version by having three shunts

A

fetal circulatory system

53
Q

fetal circulatory system:

connects right atrium to left atrium, bypassing lungs

A

foramen ovale

54
Q

fetal circulatory system:

connects pulmonary artery to aorta, bypassing lungs

A

ductus arteriosis

55
Q

fetal circulatory system:

connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing liver

A

ductus venosus

56
Q

when organogenesis occurs during pregnancy (development of heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, brain)

A

first trimester

57
Q

when tremendous growth occurs, movement begins, face becomes distinctly human, and digits elongate during pregnancy

A

second trimester

58
Q

when rapid growth and brain development continue and transfer of antibodies to fetus during pregnancy

A

third trimester

59
Q

cervix thins out, amniotic sac ruptures; uterine contractions (coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin) result in birth of fetus; placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

A

birth

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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