Digestive System

Question 1

involves the breakdown of food into its constituent organic molecules; two types (intracellular and extracellular) and two methods (mechanical and chemical)

Answer 1

digestion

Question 2

involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

Answer 2

intracellular digestion

Question 3

process by which glucose and fatty acids are obtained from food, occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

Answer 3

extracellular digestion

Question 4

the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

Answer 4

mechanical digestion

Question 5

the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches

Answer 5

chemical digestion

Question 6

pathway of digestive tract:

Answer 6

Question 7

accessory organs of digestion:

Answer 7

include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Question 8

involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for distribution to the body’s tissues and cells

Answer 8

absorption

Question 9

a collection of neurons in the wall of the alimentary canal that govern the function of the gastrointestinal system and controls peristalsis; its activity is upregulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and downregulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

enteric nervous system

Question 10

the rhythmic contractions of the gut tube, in order go move materials through the system

Answer 10

perstalsis

Question 11

regulate feeding behavior

Answer 11

hormones

Question 12

hormones that promote thirst

Answer 12

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin) and aldosterone

Question 13

hormones that promote hunger

Answer 13

glucagon and ghrelin

Question 14

hormones that promote satiety

Answer 14

leptin and cholecystokinin

Question 15

site where mastication (chewing) starts the mechanical digestion of food, while salivary amylase and lipase start the chemical digestion of food; food is formed into a bolus and swallowed

Answer 15

oral cavity

Question 16

connects the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus

Answer 16

pharynx

Question 17

propels food to the stomach using peristalsis

Answer 17

esophagus

Question 18

allows food to enter the stomach from the esophagus

Answer 18

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

Question 19

has four parts: fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus; has a lesser and greater curvature; lining is thrown into folds called rugae; lined by many types of secretory cells

Answer 19

stomach

Question 20

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the stomach

Answer 20

mucous cells

Question 21

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete pepsinogen, a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

Answer 21

chief cells

Question 22

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B(12) absorption

Answer 22

parietal cells

Question 23

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility

Answer 23

G-cells

Question 24

term for food particles after mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

Answer 24

chyme

Question 25

consists of three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Answer 25

small intestine

Question 26

allows food to pass into the duodenum from the stomach

Answer 26

pyloric sphincter

Question 27

the first part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion

Answer 27

duodenum

Question 28

present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers

Answer 28

brush-border enzymes

Question 29

brush-border enzymes that break down disaccharides such as maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides; include maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase

Answer 29

disaccharidases

Question 30

brush-border enzymes that break down proteins (peptides); include aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and enteropeptidase

Answer 30

peptidases

Question 31

activates the trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade that leads to release of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

Answer 31

enteropeptidase

Question 32

a peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum

Answer 32

secretin

Question 33

a peptide hormone that stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety in the brain; secreted in response to the entry of chyme into the duodenum

Answer 33

cholecystokinin (CKK)

Question 34

a complex fluid composed of bile salts (emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles), pigments (especially bilirubin), and cholesterol

Answer 34

bile

Question 35

a complex mixture of several enzymes in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline solution (helps neutralized acidic chyme to provide an ideal working environment for digestive enzymes)

Answer 35

pancreatic juices

Question 36

cells in the pancreas that produce pancreatic juices that contain bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidases A and B), and pancreatic lipase

Answer 36

acinar cells

Question 37

component of pancreatic juices: | responsible for carbohydrate digestion

Answer 37

pancreatic amylase

Question 38

component of pancreatic juices: | responsible for protein digestion

Answer 38

pancreatic peptidase

Question 39

component of pancreatic juices: | responsible for lipid (fat) digestion

Answer 39

pancreatic lipase

Question 40

processes nutrients (through glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, storage and mobilization of fats, and gluconeogenesis), produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, activates or inacitvates medications, produces bile, and synthesizes albumin and clotting factors

Answer 40

liver

Question 41

stores and concentrates bile

Answer 41

gallbladder

Question 42

second and third portion of the small intestine, primarily involved in absorption

Answer 42

jejunum and ileum

Question 43

line the small intestine; covered with micro____ which increase surface area for absorption; contain a capillary bed and a lacteal

Answer 43

villi

Question 44

a vessel of the lymphatic system

Answer 44

lacteal

Question 45

flow of material in villi: | water soluble compounds, including monosaccharides, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, small fatty acids, and water

Answer 45

enter the capillary bed

Question 46

flow of material in villi: | fat-soluble compounds, including fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 46

enter the lacteal

Question 47

where blood flows first from small intestine; regulates nutrient distribution and removes toxins from the blood

Answer 47

liver

Question 48

absorbs water and salts, forming semisolid feces

Answer 48

large intestine

Question 49

an outpocketing of the large intestine that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix

Answer 49

cecum

Question 50

part of large intestine divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions; absorbs water and salts from undigested material left over from small intestine

Answer 50

colon

Question 51

stores feces, which consists of indigestible material, water, bacteria, and certain digestive secretions not reabsorbed

Answer 51

rectum

Question 52

opening through which wastes are eliminated, consists of two sphincters: the internal sphincter (under involuntary, autonomic control) and the external sphincter (under voluntary somatic control)

Answer 52

anus

Question 53

produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B(7)) in symbiotic relationship

Answer 53

gut bacteria