Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

involves the breakdown of food into its constituent organic molecules; two types (intracellular and extracellular) and two methods (mechanical and chemical)

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

A

intracellular digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

process by which glucose and fatty acids are obtained from food, occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

A

extracellular digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

A

mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches

A

chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathway of digestive tract:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accessory organs of digestion:

A

include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for distribution to the body’s tissues and cells

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a collection of neurons in the wall of the alimentary canal that govern the function of the gastrointestinal system and controls peristalsis; its activity is upregulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and downregulated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the rhythmic contractions of the gut tube, in order go move materials through the system

A

perstalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regulate feeding behavior

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hormones that promote thirst

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin) and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hormones that promote hunger

A

glucagon and ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormones that promote satiety

A

leptin and cholecystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

site where mastication (chewing) starts the mechanical digestion of food, while salivary amylase and lipase start the chemical digestion of food; food is formed into a bolus and swallowed

A

oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

connects the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

propels food to the stomach using peristalsis

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

allows food to enter the stomach from the esophagus

A

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

has four parts: fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus; has a lesser and greater curvature; lining is thrown into folds called rugae; lined by many types of secretory cells

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the stomach

A

mucous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete pepsinogen, a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

A

chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B(12) absorption

A

parietal cells

23
Q

type of secretory cell lining stomach:

secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility

A

G-cells

24
Q

term for food particles after mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

A

chyme

25
Q

consists of three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

small intestine

26
Q

allows food to pass into the duodenum from the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

27
Q

the first part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion

A

duodenum

28
Q

present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers

A

brush-border enzymes

29
Q

brush-border enzymes that break down disaccharides such as maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides; include maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase

A

disaccharidases

30
Q

brush-border enzymes that break down proteins (peptides); include aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and enteropeptidase

A

peptidases

31
Q

activates the trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade that leads to release of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

A

enteropeptidase

32
Q

a peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum

A

secretin

33
Q

a peptide hormone that stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety in the brain; secreted in response to the entry of chyme into the duodenum

A

cholecystokinin (CKK)

34
Q

a complex fluid composed of bile salts (emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles), pigments (especially bilirubin), and cholesterol

A

bile

35
Q

a complex mixture of several enzymes in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline solution (helps neutralized acidic chyme to provide an ideal working environment for digestive enzymes)

A

pancreatic juices

36
Q

cells in the pancreas that produce pancreatic juices that contain bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidases A and B), and pancreatic lipase

A

acinar cells

37
Q

component of pancreatic juices:

responsible for carbohydrate digestion

A

pancreatic amylase

38
Q

component of pancreatic juices:

responsible for protein digestion

A

pancreatic peptidase

39
Q

component of pancreatic juices:

responsible for lipid (fat) digestion

A

pancreatic lipase

40
Q

processes nutrients (through glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, storage and mobilization of fats, and gluconeogenesis), produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, activates or inacitvates medications, produces bile, and synthesizes albumin and clotting factors

A

liver

41
Q

stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

42
Q

second and third portion of the small intestine, primarily involved in absorption

A

jejunum and ileum

43
Q

line the small intestine; covered with micro____ which increase surface area for absorption; contain a capillary bed and a lacteal

A

villi

44
Q

a vessel of the lymphatic system

A

lacteal

45
Q

flow of material in villi:

water soluble compounds, including monosaccharides, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, small fatty acids, and water

A

enter the capillary bed

46
Q

flow of material in villi:

fat-soluble compounds, including fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins

A

enter the lacteal

47
Q

where blood flows first from small intestine; regulates nutrient distribution and removes toxins from the blood

A

liver

48
Q

absorbs water and salts, forming semisolid feces

A

large intestine

49
Q

an outpocketing of the large intestine that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix

A

cecum

50
Q

part of large intestine divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions; absorbs water and salts from undigested material left over from small intestine

A

colon

51
Q

stores feces, which consists of indigestible material, water, bacteria, and certain digestive secretions not reabsorbed

A

rectum

52
Q

opening through which wastes are eliminated, consists of two sphincters: the internal sphincter (under involuntary, autonomic control) and the external sphincter (under voluntary somatic control)

A

anus

53
Q

produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B(7)) in symbiotic relationship

A

gut bacteria

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions