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MCAT Biology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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2
Q

allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

A

cytosol

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3
Q

control center of the cell

A

nucleus

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4
Q

double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane/envelope

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5
Q

allows two way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus, in nuclear membrane

A

nuclear pores

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6
Q

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

A

nucleolus

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7
Q

serves as a barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondrion

A

outer membrane

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8
Q

contains molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain in mitochondrion

A

inner membrane

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9
Q

folds in inner membrane of mitochondrion that increase surface area available for electron transport chain enzymes

A

cristae

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10
Q

space between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondrion

A

intermembrane space

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11
Q

space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down different substrates in the cell

A

lysosomes

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13
Q

organelle that transports, packages, and sorts cell materials traveling to and from the membrane; mediates internalization of viral particles through endocytosis

A

endosome

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14
Q

organelle consisting of series of interconnected membranes contiguous with nuclear envelope

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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15
Q

organelle for translation of proteins for secretion into the lumen

A

rough ER

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16
Q

organelle used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

A

smooth ER

17
Q

organelle where cellular products from ER are modified, sorted, repackaged, and directed to correct cellular location

A

golgi apparatus

18
Q

organelle that is primarily involved in breakdown of long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation

A

peroxisome

19
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci

20
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

21
Q

spiral-shaped bacteria

A

spirilli

22
Q

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

A

obligate aerobes

23
Q

bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism

A

anaerobes

24
Q

anaerobes that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

A

obligate anaerobes

25
Q

bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

A

facultative anaerobes

26
Q

anaerobes that can survive in an oxygen containing environment

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

27
Q

form of HGT:

environment -> host

A

transformation

28
Q

form of HGT

donor -> host (through sex pili)

A

conjugation

29
Q

form of HGT

virus -> host

A

transduction

30
Q

targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome

A

ubiquitination

31
Q

protein complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis (a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds) into smaller fragments; reactions helped by enzymes called ____

A

proteasomes (proteases)

32
Q

repetitive DNA sequences that have the capability to move (transpose) from one location to another in genome

A

transposon

33
Q

an abnormally folded protein that induces a normally folded version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure, which is often deleterious

A

prion

34
Q

move along microfilaments through interaction with actin

A

motor proteins

35
Q

the primary microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in animal cells; regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis

A

centrosome

36
Q

emanate from centrosomes to form part of the cytoskeleton; role in regulating cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes; composed of subunits of tubulin protein

A

microtubules

37
Q

the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton; helps with cell movement; composed of actin protein helix

A

microfilaments

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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