Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

powerhouse of the cell

Answer 1

mitochondria

Question 2

allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

Answer 2

cytosol

Question 3

control center of the cell

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

Answer 4

nuclear membrane/envelope

Question 5

allows two way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus, in nuclear membrane

Answer 5

nuclear pores

Question 6

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Answer 6

nucleolus

Question 7

serves as a barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondrion

Answer 7

outer membrane

Question 8

contains molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain in mitochondrion

Answer 8

inner membrane

Question 9

folds in inner membrane of mitochondrion that increase surface area available for electron transport chain enzymes

Answer 9

cristae

Question 10

space between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondrion

Answer 10

intermembrane space

Question 11

space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Answer 11

mitochondrial matrix

Question 12

organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down different substrates in the cell

Answer 12

lysosomes

Question 13

organelle that transports, packages, and sorts cell materials traveling to and from the membrane; mediates internalization of viral particles through endocytosis

Answer 13

endosome

Question 14

organelle consisting of series of interconnected membranes contiguous with nuclear envelope

Answer 14

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 15

organelle for translation of proteins for secretion into the lumen

Answer 15

rough ER

Question 16

organelle used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

Answer 16

smooth ER

Question 17

organelle where cellular products from ER are modified, sorted, repackaged, and directed to correct cellular location

Answer 17

golgi apparatus

Question 18

organelle that is primarily involved in breakdown of long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation

Answer 18

peroxisome

Question 19

spherical bacteria

Answer 19

cocci

Question 20

rod-shaped bacteria

Answer 20

bacilli

Question 21

spiral-shaped bacteria

Answer 21

spirilli

Question 22

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

Answer 22

obligate aerobes

Question 23

bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism

Answer 23

anaerobes

Question 24

anaerobes that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

Answer 24

obligate anaerobes

Question 25

bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Answer 25

facultative anaerobes

Question 26

anaerobes that can survive in an oxygen containing environment

Answer 26

aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 27

form of HGT: | environment -> host

Answer 27

transformation

Question 28

form of HGT | donor -> host (through sex pili)

Answer 28

conjugation

Question 29

form of HGT | virus -> host

Answer 29

transduction

Question 30

targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome

Answer 30

ubiquitination

Question 31

protein complexes that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis (a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds) into smaller fragments; reactions helped by enzymes called ____

Answer 31

proteasomes (proteases)

Question 32

repetitive DNA sequences that have the capability to move (transpose) from one location to another in genome

Answer 32

transposon

Question 33

an abnormally folded protein that induces a normally folded version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure, which is often deleterious

Answer 33

prion

Question 34

move along microfilaments through interaction with actin

Answer 34

motor proteins

Question 35

the primary microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in animal cells; regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis

Answer 35

centrosome

Question 36

emanate from centrosomes to form part of the cytoskeleton; role in regulating cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes; composed of subunits of tubulin protein

Answer 36

microtubules

Question 37

the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton; helps with cell movement; composed of actin protein helix

Answer 37

microfilaments