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MCAT Biology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

consists of a muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations: the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

A

heart

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3
Q

circulation:

pump on right side of heart that accepts deoxygenated blood returning from body and moves it too lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

circulation:

pump on left side of heart that receives oxygenated blood from lungs and forces it out to the body through the aorta

A

systemic circulation

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5
Q

one of each contained in each side of heart

A

atria and ventricle

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6
Q

thin-walled structures where blood is received from vena cavae or pulmonary veins; contract to push blood into ventricles

A

atria

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7
Q

carries deoxygenated blood entering right side of heart to atria

A

vena cavae

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8
Q

carries oxygenated blood entering left side of heart to atria

A

pulmonary veins

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9
Q

fill from atria, then contract to send blood to the lungs (right) and the systemic circulation (left)

A

ventricles

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10
Q

separate atria from ventricles; mnemonic: LAB RAT (left atria bicuspid, right atria tricuspid)

A

atrioventricular valves

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11
Q

between right atria and ventricle; three leaflets

A

tricuspid valve

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12
Q

between left atria and ventricle; two leaflets

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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13
Q

separate ventricles from vasculature; both have three leaflets

A

semilunar valves

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14
Q

between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary valve

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15
Q

between left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

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16
Q

pathway of blood

A
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17
Q

pathway of electrical conduction in heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches, Purkinje fibers

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18
Q

electrical conduction of heart:
where electrical conduction of heart starts; small collection of cells in wall of right atrium; generates 60-100 signals/min without need of neurological input

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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19
Q

electrical conduction of heart:
electrical signal passes here, where it is delayed to allow the ventricles to fill completely before they contract; sits at junction of atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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20
Q

electrical conduction of heart:

signal passes down this and its branches imbedded in the interventricular septum (wall)

A

bundle of His (AV bundle)

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21
Q

electrical conduction of heart:

distributes electrical signal through ventricular muscle

A

Purkinje fibers

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22
Q

period when ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves occurs causing blood to be pumped out of ventricles

A

systole

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23
Q

period when ventricles are relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed causing blood from atria to fill the ventricles

A

diastole

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24
Q

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in one minute; product of heart rate and stroke volume

A

cardiac output

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25
Q

beats per minute (of heart)

A

heart rate (HR)

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26
Q

volume of blood pumped per beat (by heart)

A

stroke volume (SV)

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27
Q

consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

vasculature

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28
Q

thick, highly musculature structures that transport blood away from heart; elastic quality allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within system

A

arteries

29
Q

small muscular arteries that control flow into capillary beds

A

arterioles

30
Q

sites of gas and solute exchange; have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them single file

A

capillaries

31
Q

inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to heart; able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but have no recoil capability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow

A

veins

32
Q

small veins

A

venules

33
Q

system in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series before returning to the heart; three of them

A

portal system

34
Q

portal system:

blood travels from gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via ____ vein

A

hepatic portal system

35
Q

portal system:

blood travels from capillary bed in hypothalamus to capillary bed in anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal system

36
Q

portal system:
blood travels from the glomerulus through an efferent arteriole to the vasa recta (surrounding the nephron) in the kidney

A

renal portal system

37
Q

composed of cells and plasma

A

blood

38
Q

liquid portion of blood; an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

A

plasma

39
Q

portion of blood consisting of three major categories: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

A

cells

40
Q

cell category in blood:
lack mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen); common measurements include hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

41
Q

percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

A

hematocrit

42
Q

cell category in blood:

formed in bone marrow; crucial part of immune system

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

43
Q

type of leukocyte:

play role in nonspecific immunity; include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

granular leukocytes

44
Q

type of leukocyte:

play role in immunity; include lymphocytes (large role in specific immunity) and monocytes

A

agranulocytes

45
Q

cell category in blood:

cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

A

thrombocytes (platelets)

46
Q

include A, B, and O, as well as Rh factor (D); I(A) and I(B) are codominant, while i (O) is recessive; Rh positive is dominant, while Rh negative is recessive

A

blood antigens

47
Q

force per unit area that is exerted on walls of blood vessels by blood; divided into systolic and diastolic components

A

blood pressure

48
Q

pressure exerted against artery walls while ventricles contract, pushing blood out to the body

A

systolic blood pressure

49
Q

pressure exerted against artery walls while heart relaxes and ventricles are allowed to refill with blood; bottom number of blood pressure measurement

A

diastolic blood pressure

50
Q

can measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

51
Q

maintain blood pressure

A

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

52
Q

promotes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release

A

low blood pressure (volume)

53
Q

promotes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release (but not aldosterone)

A

high blood osmolarity

54
Q

promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release

A

high blood pressure (volume)

55
Q

occurs at level of capillaries and relies on existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across capillary walls; also aided by leakiness of capillaries

A

gas and solute exchange

56
Q

consist of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A

Starling forces

57
Q

Starling force:

pressure of fluid within blood vessel; forces fluid out at arteriolar end of capillary beds

A

hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

Starling force:

“sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes; draws fluid back in at venule end of capillary beds

A

oncotic pressure

59
Q

osmotic pressure due to proteins

A

oncotic pressure

60
Q

carries oxygen; in lungs, high partial pressure of oxygen results in loading of oxygen; in tissues, low partial pressure of oxygen results in unloading; exhibits cooperative binding: each successive oxygen bound increases affinity of other subunits, while each unbound decreases affinity

A

hemoglobin

61
Q

largely carried in blood in form of carbonic acid (H2CO3) or bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+) because it is nonpolar and not very soluble, while H2CO3, HCO3-, and H+ ions are polar and very soluble

A

carbon dioxide

62
Q

reflected by right shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

decreased affinity for oxygen, increased partial pressure of CO2, increased H+ concentration (decreased pH), increased temperature

63
Q

reflected by left shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve; seen in ____

A

fetal hemoglobin ;
increased affinity for oxygen, decreased partial pressure of CO2, decreased H+ concentration (increased pH), decreased temperature

64
Q

carried in bloodstream to tissues for use or disposal

A

nutrients, wastes, and hormones

65
Q

results from activation cascade; causes formation of a clot over a damaged area

A

coagulation

66
Q

bind to collagen and are stabilized by fibrin

A

platelets

67
Q

activates fibrin

A

thrombin

68
Q

can break down clots

A

plasmin

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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