Cardiovascular System

Question 1

consists of a muscular four-chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood

Answer 1

cardiovascular system

Question 2

composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations: the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Answer 2

heart

Question 3

circulation:

pump on right side of heart that accepts deoxygenated blood returning from body and moves it too lungs

Answer 3

pulmonary circulation

Question 4

circulation:

pump on left side of heart that receives oxygenated blood from lungs and forces it out to the body through the aorta

Answer 4

systemic circulation

Question 5

one of each contained in each side of heart

Answer 5

atria and ventricle

Question 6

thin-walled structures where blood is received from vena cavae or pulmonary veins; contract to push blood into ventricles

Answer 6

atria

Question 7

carries deoxygenated blood entering right side of heart to atria

Answer 7

vena cavae

Question 8

carries oxygenated blood entering left side of heart to atria

Answer 8

pulmonary veins

Question 9

fill from atria, then contract to send blood to the lungs (right) and the systemic circulation (left)

Answer 9

ventricles

Question 10

separate atria from ventricles; mnemonic: LAB RAT (left atria bicuspid, right atria tricuspid)

Answer 10

atrioventricular valves

Question 11

between right atria and ventricle; three leaflets

Answer 11

tricuspid valve

Question 12

between left atria and ventricle; two leaflets

Answer 12

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 13

separate ventricles from vasculature; both have three leaflets

Answer 13

semilunar valves

Question 14

between right ventricle and pulmonary circulation

Answer 14

pulmonary valve

Question 15

between left ventricle and aorta

Answer 15

aortic valve

Question 16

pathway of blood

Answer 16

Question 17

pathway of electrical conduction in heart

Answer 17

SA node, AV node, bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches, Purkinje fibers

Question 18

electrical conduction of heart:
where electrical conduction of heart starts; small collection of cells in wall of right atrium; generates 60-100 signals/min without need of neurological input

Answer 18

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 19

electrical conduction of heart:
electrical signal passes here, where it is delayed to allow the ventricles to fill completely before they contract; sits at junction of atria and ventricles

Answer 19

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 20

electrical conduction of heart:

signal passes down this and its branches imbedded in the interventricular septum (wall)

Answer 20

bundle of His (AV bundle)

Question 21

electrical conduction of heart:

distributes electrical signal through ventricular muscle

Answer 21

Purkinje fibers

Question 22

period when ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves occurs causing blood to be pumped out of ventricles

Answer 22

systole

Question 23

period when ventricles are relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed causing blood from atria to fill the ventricles

Answer 23

diastole

Question 24

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in one minute; product of heart rate and stroke volume

Answer 24

cardiac output

Question 25

beats per minute (of heart)

Answer 25

heart rate (HR)

Question 26

volume of blood pumped per beat (by heart)

Answer 26

stroke volume (SV)

Question 27

consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Answer 27

vasculature

Question 28

thick, highly musculature structures that transport blood away from heart; elastic quality allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within system

Answer 28

arteries

Question 29

small muscular arteries that control flow into capillary beds

Answer 29

arterioles

Question 30

sites of gas and solute exchange; have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them single file

Answer 30

capillaries

Question 31

inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to heart; able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but have no recoil capability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow

Answer 31

veins

Question 32

small veins

Answer 32

venules

Question 33

system in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series before returning to the heart; three of them

Answer 33

portal system

Question 34

portal system: | blood travels from gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via ____ vein

Answer 34

hepatic portal system

Question 35

portal system: | blood travels from capillary bed in hypothalamus to capillary bed in anterior pituitary

Answer 35

hypophyseal portal system

Question 36

portal system: blood travels from the glomerulus through an efferent arteriole to the vasa recta (surrounding the nephron) in the kidney

Answer 36

renal portal system

Question 37

composed of cells and plasma

Answer 37

blood

Question 38

liquid portion of blood; an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Answer 38

plasma

Question 39

portion of blood consisting of three major categories: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Answer 39

cells

Question 40

cell category in blood: lack mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen); common measurements include hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit

Answer 40

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 41

percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

Answer 41

hematocrit

Question 42

cell category in blood: | formed in bone marrow; crucial part of immune system

Answer 42

leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 43

type of leukocyte: | play role in nonspecific immunity; include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Answer 43

granular leukocytes

Question 44

type of leukocyte: | play role in immunity; include lymphocytes (large role in specific immunity) and monocytes

Answer 44

agranulocytes

Question 45

cell category in blood: | cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

Answer 45

thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 46

include A, B, and O, as well as Rh factor (D); I(A) and I(B) are codominant, while i (O) is recessive; Rh positive is dominant, while Rh negative is recessive

Answer 46

blood antigens

Question 47

force per unit area that is exerted on walls of blood vessels by blood; divided into systolic and diastolic components

Answer 47

blood pressure

Question 48

pressure exerted against artery walls while ventricles contract, pushing blood out to the body

Answer 48

systolic blood pressure

Question 49

pressure exerted against artery walls while heart relaxes and ventricles are allowed to refill with blood; bottom number of blood pressure measurement

Answer 49

diastolic blood pressure

Question 50

can measure blood pressure

Answer 50

sphygmomanometer

Question 51

maintain blood pressure

Answer 51

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

Question 52

promotes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release

Answer 52

low blood pressure (volume)

Question 53

promotes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release (but not aldosterone)

Answer 53

high blood osmolarity

Question 54

promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release

Answer 54

high blood pressure (volume)

Question 55

occurs at level of capillaries and relies on existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across capillary walls; also aided by leakiness of capillaries

Answer 55

gas and solute exchange

Question 56

consist of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic (oncotic) pressure

Answer 56

Starling forces

Question 57

Starling force: | pressure of fluid within blood vessel; forces fluid out at arteriolar end of capillary beds

Answer 57

hydrostatic pressure

Question 58

Starling force: | "sucking" pressure drawing water toward solutes; draws fluid back in at venule end of capillary beds

Answer 58

oncotic pressure

Question 59

osmotic pressure due to proteins

Answer 59

oncotic pressure

Question 60

carries oxygen; in lungs, high partial pressure of oxygen results in loading of oxygen; in tissues, low partial pressure of oxygen results in unloading; exhibits cooperative binding: each successive oxygen bound increases affinity of other subunits, while each unbound decreases affinity

Answer 60

hemoglobin

Question 61

largely carried in blood in form of carbonic acid (H2CO3) or bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+) because it is nonpolar and not very soluble, while H2CO3, HCO3-, and H+ ions are polar and very soluble

Answer 61

carbon dioxide

Question 62

reflected by right shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 62

decreased affinity for oxygen, increased partial pressure of CO2, increased H+ concentration (decreased pH), increased temperature

Question 63

reflected by left shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve; seen in ____

Answer 63

fetal hemoglobin ; increased affinity for oxygen, decreased partial pressure of CO2, decreased H+ concentration (increased pH), decreased temperature

Question 64

carried in bloodstream to tissues for use or disposal

Answer 64

nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Question 65

results from activation cascade; causes formation of a clot over a damaged area

Answer 65

coagulation

Question 66

bind to collagen and are stabilized by fibrin

Answer 66

platelets

Question 67

activates fibrin

Answer 67

thrombin

Question 68

can break down clots

Answer 68

plasmin