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MCAT Biology > Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

contain genes in a linear sequence

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

alternative forms of a gene

A

alleles

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3
Q

the combination of alleles one has at a given genetic locus

A

genotype

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4
Q

occurs when the effect of one allele completely masks the effect of another

A

complete dominance

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5
Q

occurs when there is more than one dominant allele

A

codominance

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6
Q

occurs when there are no dominant alleles; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes

A

incomplete dominance

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7
Q

the proportion of a population with a given genotype who express the phenotype

A

penetrance

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8
Q

refers to the varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype

A

expressivity

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9
Q

states that an organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait

A

Mendel’s first law (of segregation)

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10
Q

states that inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting an allele for a different trait

A

Mendel’s second law (of independent assortment)

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11
Q

support for DNA as genetic material:
demonstrated the transforming principle, converting nonvirulent live bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria

A

Griffith experiment

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12
Q

support for DNA as genetic material:

demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation

A

Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment

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13
Q

support for DNA as genetic material:
confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radio-labeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria

A

Hershey-Chase experiment

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14
Q

includes all of the alleles in a given population

A

gene pool

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15
Q

changes in DNA sequence

A

mutations

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16
Q

include point mutations and frameshift mutations

A

nucleotide mutations

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17
Q

nucleotide mutations:

the substituting of one nucleotide for another

A

point mutations

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18
Q

nucleotide mutations:

moves the three-letter transcriptional reading frame

A

frameshift mutation

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19
Q

nucleotide mutations:

has no effect on the protein

A

silent mutation

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20
Q

nucleotide mutations:

results in the substitution of one amino acid for another

A

missense mutation

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21
Q

nucleotide mutations:

results in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid

A

nonsense mutation

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22
Q

nucleotide mutations:

result in a shift in the reading frame, leading to changes for all downstream amino acids

A

insertions and deletions (indels)

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23
Q

include larger scale mutations affecting whole segments of DNA

A

chromosomal mutations

24
Q

chromosomal mutations:

occur when a large segment of DNA is lost

A

deletion mutations

25
Q

chromosomal mutations:

occur when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times

A

duplication mutation

26
Q

chromosomal mutations:

occur when a segment of DNA is reversed

A

inversion mutation

27
Q

chromosomal mutations:

occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

A

insertion mutations

28
Q

chromosomal mutations:

occur when a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome

A

translocation mutations

29
Q

a flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring

A

genetic leakage

30
Q

occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance

A

genetic drift

31
Q

results from bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes

A

founder effect

32
Q

visually represent the crossing of gametes from parents to show relative genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

A

Punnett squares

33
Q

cross that accounts for one gene

A

monohybrid cross

34
Q

cross that accounts for two genes

A

dihybrid cross

35
Q

cross that usually uses sex chromosomes to indicate sex as well as genotype

A

sex-linked crosses

36
Q

is the likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis

A

recombination frequency (θ)

37
Q

can be made using recombination frequency as the scale in units of centimorgans

A

genetic maps

38
Q

states that if a population meets certain criteria (aimed at a lack of evolution), then the allele frequencies will remain constant, in ____ equilibrium

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

39
Q

states that chance variations exist between individuals and that advantageous variations (those that increase an individual’s fitness for survival or adaptation to the environment) afford the most opportunities for reproductive success

A

modern synthesis model (neo-Darwinism)

40
Q

considers an organism’s success to be based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures appearance of genes in subsequent generations

A

inclusive fitness

41
Q

considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity

A

punctuated equilibrium

42
Q

mode of natural selection:

keeps phenotypes in a narrow range

A

stabilizing selection

43
Q

mode of natural selection:

moves the average phenotype toward one extreme

A

directional selection

44
Q

mode of natural selection:

moves the population toward two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation

A

disruptive selection

45
Q

mode of natural selection:

the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche

A

adaptive radiation

46
Q

the largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring

A

species

47
Q

the formation of a new species through evolution

A

speciation

48
Q

may occur between species either prezygotically or postzygotically

A

reproductive isolation

49
Q

reproductive isolation:

prevent formation of the zygote completely

A

prezygotic mechanisms

50
Q

reproductive isolation:

allow for gamete fusion but yield either nonviable or sterile offspring

A

postzygotic mechanisms

51
Q

occurs when two species sharing a common ancester become more different

A

divergent evolution

52
Q

occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in similar ways due to analogous selection pressures

A

parallel evolution

53
Q

occurs when two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressures

A

convergent evolution

54
Q

states the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor

A

molecular clock model

55
Q

speciation:
occurs when two populations of the same species become physically isolated from one another and then diverge into two species

A

allopatric speciation

56
Q

speciation:

occurs when two populations of the same species occupying the same environment diverge into two species

A

sympatric speciation

57
Q

Hardy-Weinburg equation

A

p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

where:
p^2 = frequency of AA
2pq = frequency of Aa
q^2 = frequency of aa

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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