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MCAT Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

A

innate immunity (nonspecific immunity)

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2
Q

composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

A

adaptive immunity (specific immunity)

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3
Q

produces immune cells

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated

A

spleen and lymph nodes

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5
Q

site of T-cell maturation

A

thymus

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6
Q

includes tonsils and adenoids

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

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7
Q

white blood cells, involved in immune defense

A

leukocytes

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8
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds, like defensis

A

skin

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9
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
traps pathogens on mucous membranes; in respiratory system, the ____ is propelled upward by cilia and can be swallowed or expelled

A

mucus

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10
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

an antibacterial compound contained in tears and saliva

A

lysozyme

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11
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

produces acid, killing most pathogens

A

stomach

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12
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

in the gut, helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition

A

colonization

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13
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
a signaling cascade of many proteins to tag pathogens to recruit phagocytes to destroy them; can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

A

complement system

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14
Q

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

A

interferons

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15
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

ingest pathogens and present on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, also secrete cytokines

A

macrophages

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16
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells)

A

MHC class I (MHC-I)

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17
Q

proteins from within the cell

A

endogenous antigen

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18
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
present in professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells) and displays exogenous antigen to helper T-cells (CD4+ cells)

A

MHC class II (MHC-II)

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19
Q

proteins from outside the cell

A

exogenous antigen

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20
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

antigen-presenting cells in the skin

A

dendritic cells

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21
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells

A

natural killer cells

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22
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

granulocytes

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23
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
granulocyte that ingests bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies); they can follow bacteria using chemotaxis

A

neutrophils

24
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
granulocytes used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections; they release histamine, causing an inflammatory response

A

eosinophils

25
Q

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

granulocytes used in allergic reactions; mast cells are related cells in the skin

A

basophils

26
Q

centered on antibody production by plasma cells, which are activated B-cells

A

humoral immunity

27
Q

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system:
target a particular antigen; contain two heavy chains and two light chains; have a constant region and a variable region; the tip of the variable region is the antigen-binding regions

A

antibodies

28
Q

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system:
improvement of specificity of the antibodies produced by antigen-binding regions when they are activated; cells may be given signals to switch isotypes of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

A

hypermutation

29
Q

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system:
can opsonize pathogens, cause agglutination into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or neutralize pathogens

A

circulating antibodies

30
Q

mark pathogens for destruction

A

opsonize

31
Q

clumping

A

agglutination

32
Q

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system:

can activate immune cells or mediate allergic reactions

A

cell-surface antibodies

33
Q

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system:
lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response)

A

memory B-cells

34
Q

centered on the functions of T-cells

A

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity

35
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
undergo maturation in the thymus through positive and negative selection; the peptide hormone thymosin promotes ____ development

A

T-cells

36
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
only selecting for T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC

A

positive selection

37
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
causing apoptosis in self-reactive T-cells

A

negative selection

38
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system, secreting lymphokines

A

helper T-cells (T(H) or CD4+)

39
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
secreted by helper T-cells and activate various arms of the immune system

A

lymphokines

40
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
type of helper T-cell that secretes interferon gamma, which activates macrophages

A

T(H)1 cells

41
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
type of helper T-cell that activates B-cells, primarily in parasitic infections

A

T(H)2 cells

42
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

A

killer (cytotoxic) T-cells (T(C), CTL, CD8+)

43
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance

A

suppressor (regulatory) T-cells (T(reg))

44
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
serve a similar function to memory B-cells (lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response))

A

memory T-cells

45
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
a self-antigen is identified as foreign, and the immune system attacks the bodies own cells

A

autoimmune conditions

46
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response

A

allergic reactions

47
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
a method of inducing active immunity prior to exposure to a particular pathogen

A

immunization

48
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
activation of B-cells that produce antibodies to an antigen

A

active immunity

49
Q

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system:
the transfer of antibodies to an individual

A

passive immunity

50
Q

a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes; equalizes fluid distribution, transports fat and fat-soluble compounds in chylomicrons, and provides sites for mounting immune responses

A

lymphatic system

51
Q

connects lymphatic system to cardiovascular system in the posterior chest

A

thoracic duct

52
Q

formed in the liver and function primarily to transport dietary fats to other cells; following a meal and fat intake, production would be expected to increase

A

chylomicrons

53
Q

formed in the liver and transport triacylglycerols from the liver to other tissues for energy; these levels would be expected to decrease after a meal

A

VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein)

54
Q

formed in the liver and function to deliver cholesterol from the liver to other tissues; levels do not vary significantly with meals

A

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

55
Q

formed in the liver and are responsible for retrieving excess cholesterol from the blood for secretion; levels do not vary significantly with meals

A

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

56
Q

are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

57
Q

are responsible for antibody production and immunological memory

A

B lymphocytes

MCAT Biology (19 decks)

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