Immune System

Question 1

composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

Answer 1

innate immunity (nonspecific immunity)

Question 2

composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

Answer 2

adaptive immunity (specific immunity)

Question 3

produces immune cells

Answer 3

bone marrow

Question 4

sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated

Answer 4

spleen and lymph nodes

Question 5

site of T-cell maturation

Answer 5

thymus

Question 6

includes tonsils and adenoids

Answer 6

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Question 7

white blood cells, involved in immune defense

Answer 7

leukocytes

Question 8

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds, like defensis

Answer 8

skin

Question 9

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
traps pathogens on mucous membranes; in respiratory system, the ____ is propelled upward by cilia and can be swallowed or expelled

Answer 9

mucus

Question 10

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

an antibacterial compound contained in tears and saliva

Answer 10

lysozyme

Question 11

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

produces acid, killing most pathogens

Answer 11

stomach

Question 12

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

in the gut, helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition

Answer 12

colonization

Question 13

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
a signaling cascade of many proteins to tag pathogens to recruit phagocytes to destroy them; can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

Answer 13

complement system

Question 14

noncellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

Answer 14

interferons

Question 15

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

ingest pathogens and present on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, also secrete cytokines

Answer 15

macrophages

Question 16

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ cells)

Answer 16

MHC class I (MHC-I)

Question 17

proteins from within the cell

Answer 17

endogenous antigen

Question 18

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
present in professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells) and displays exogenous antigen to helper T-cells (CD4+ cells)

Answer 18

MHC class II (MHC-II)

Question 19

proteins from outside the cell

Answer 19

exogenous antigen

Question 20

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

antigen-presenting cells in the skin

Answer 20

dendritic cells

Question 21

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells

Answer 21

natural killer cells

Question 22

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:

include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Answer 22

granulocytes

Question 23

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
granulocyte that ingests bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies); they can follow bacteria using chemotaxis

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system:
granulocytes used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections; they release histamine, causing an inflammatory response

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

cellular nonspecific defenses of innate immune system: | granulocytes used in allergic reactions; mast cells are related cells in the skin

Answer 25

basophils

Question 26

centered on antibody production by plasma cells, which are activated B-cells

Answer 26

humoral immunity

Question 27

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system: target a particular antigen; contain two heavy chains and two light chains; have a constant region and a variable region; the tip of the variable region is the antigen-binding regions

Answer 27

antibodies

Question 28

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system: improvement of specificity of the antibodies produced by antigen-binding regions when they are activated; cells may be given signals to switch isotypes of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

Answer 28

hypermutation

Question 29

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system: can opsonize pathogens, cause agglutination into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or neutralize pathogens

Answer 29

circulating antibodies

Question 30

mark pathogens for destruction

Answer 30

opsonize

Question 31

clumping

Answer 31

agglutination

Question 32

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system: | can activate immune cells or mediate allergic reactions

Answer 32

cell-surface antibodies

Question 33

humoral immunity of adaptive immune system: lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response)

Answer 33

memory B-cells

Question 34

centered on the functions of T-cells

Answer 34

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity

Question 35

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: undergo maturation in the thymus through positive and negative selection; the peptide hormone thymosin promotes ____ development

Answer 35

T-cells

Question 36

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: only selecting for T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC

Answer 36

positive selection

Question 37

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: causing apoptosis in self-reactive T-cells

Answer 37

negative selection

Question 38

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system, secreting lymphokines

Answer 38

helper T-cells (T(H) or CD4+)

Question 39

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: secreted by helper T-cells and activate various arms of the immune system

Answer 39

lymphokines

Question 40

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: type of helper T-cell that secretes interferon gamma, which activates macrophages

Answer 40

T(H)1 cells

Question 41

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: type of helper T-cell that activates B-cells, primarily in parasitic infections

Answer 41

T(H)2 cells

Question 42

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

Answer 42

killer (cytotoxic) T-cells (T(C), CTL, CD8+)

Question 43

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance

Answer 43

suppressor (regulatory) T-cells (T(reg))

Question 44

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: serve a similar function to memory B-cells (lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response (secondary response))

Answer 44

memory T-cells

Question 45

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: a self-antigen is identified as foreign, and the immune system attacks the bodies own cells

Answer 45

autoimmune conditions

Question 46

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response

Answer 46

allergic reactions

Question 47

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: a method of inducing active immunity prior to exposure to a particular pathogen

Answer 47

immunization

Question 48

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: activation of B-cells that produce antibodies to an antigen

Answer 48

active immunity

Question 49

cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity of adaptive immune system: the transfer of antibodies to an individual

Answer 49

passive immunity

Question 50

a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes; equalizes fluid distribution, transports fat and fat-soluble compounds in chylomicrons, and provides sites for mounting immune responses

Answer 50

lymphatic system

Question 51

connects lymphatic system to cardiovascular system in the posterior chest

Answer 51

thoracic duct

Question 52

formed in the liver and function primarily to transport dietary fats to other cells; following a meal and fat intake, production would be expected to increase

Answer 52

chylomicrons

Question 53

formed in the liver and transport triacylglycerols from the liver to other tissues for energy; these levels would be expected to decrease after a meal

Answer 53

VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein)

Question 54

formed in the liver and function to deliver cholesterol from the liver to other tissues; levels do not vary significantly with meals

Answer 54

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

Question 55

formed in the liver and are responsible for retrieving excess cholesterol from the blood for secretion; levels do not vary significantly with meals

Answer 55

HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

Question 56

are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Answer 56

T lymphocytes

Question 57

are responsible for antibody production and immunological memory

Answer 57

B lymphocytes