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Pharmacology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration external?

A

Exchange of O2 + CO2 between an organism + external environment

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2
Q

What is respiration internal?

A

Utilisation of O2 by cells in metabolism

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3
Q

What is the pathway of breathing?

A

Nasal cavities –> pharynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli –> O2 + CO2 exchange

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4
Q

What is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal + nose sinuses
Nasopharynx
Pharynx
Larynx

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5
Q

What is part of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of respiratory system?

A 
Gaseous exchange
Olfaction 
Speech
Homeostasis
Protection
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7
Q

Why olfaction?

A

Nerve endings in nasal cavity + transmitted to brain via 1st cranial nerve

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8
Q

Why speech?

A

Vocal cords in larynx

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9
Q

Why homeostasis?

A

Via O2 + CO2 exchange

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10
Q

Why protection?

A

Via immune system + mucus production

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11
Q

Describe structure of the nose

A

Lined with cilia

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12
Q

What is the function of cilia in the nose?

A

Filter the air

Epithelial cells secrete mucus to trap dust + bacteria

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13
Q

Describe structure of nasopharynx

A

Back = adenoids

Eustachian tubes

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14
Q

What is function of adenoids in nasopharynx?

A

Made up of dense lymphoid tissue = fight infections

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15
Q

What is the function of eustachian tubes in

nasopharynx?

A

Connect nasopharynx to ear = equalise pressure in ear

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16
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube behind mouth, between nasopharynx + larynx

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17
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Air + food passage

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18
Q

What are the tonsils made up of?

A

Dense lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

What are the problem with tonsils?

A

During infection can cause air-flow resistance

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20
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Short passage - connects pharynx to trachea

Walls contain vocal cords

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21
Q

What is the opening from pharynx to larynx?

A

Glottis

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22
Q

What happens to the glottis when swallowing?

A

Covered by epiglottis to prevent choking

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23
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Tube from larynx to upper chest

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24
Q

What is the structure of trachea?

A

20 “C” shaped rings of cartilage + smooth muscle

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25
Q

What is the importance of mucus in the bronchi?

A

Trap solid particles + cilia move them outwards = expelled in coughing

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26
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

Trachea divides to form bronchi

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27
Q

What is the structure of bronchi?

A

Similar to trachea

Lined with cilia, which secrete mucus + saline

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28
Q

What does the cartilage rings allow in the trachea?

A

Expansion of oesophagus = bolus food swallowed

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29
Q

Describe saline secretion by airway epithelial cells

A

NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF
Apical anion channels allow Cl- to enter lumen
Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by paracellular, drawn by electrochemical gradient
NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates conc gradient = H2O flows into lumen

30
Q

Describe the cause of cystic fibrosis

A 
CFTR channel malfunction
Reduction of saline layer production
Cilia become trapped in mucus 
Bacteria colonise epithelium
Recurrent chronic lung infections
31
Q

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

A

Cartilage absent from terminal bronchioles = more smooth muscle

32
Q

What are the bronchi + bronchioles innervated by?

A

Autonomic nervous system = contain muscarinic cholinergic + β2 adreno receptors

33
Q

Why do they contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Cause broncho-constriction

34
Q

Why do they contain β2 adreno receptors?

A

Mediate broncho-dilation

35
Q

Do the 1st 16 generations of bronchioles play a role in gas exchange?

36
Q

What are the 1st 16 bronchioles knows as?

A

Conducting airways

37
Q

Which bronchioles play a role in gas exchange?

A

Remaining 7 generations

38
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A

Type I + II epithelium

Blood vessels

39
Q

What does type I epithelium do in alveoli?

A

Primary site for gas exchange

Very thin to allow rapid diffusion

40
Q

What does type II epithelium do in alveoli?

A

Synthesis chemical known as surfactant
= reduce surface tension
= reduce resistance in inhalation + exhalation

41
Q

Why are blood vessels important in alveoli?

A

Rapid gas exchange

= close to alveolar air

42
Q

What is the structure of 1 lung?

A

Bronchus with bronchioles + alveoli

Thin protective membrane over entire organ

43
Q

Describe gas exchange

A

O2 enters blood at alveolar-capillary interface
O2 transported in blood dissolved in plasma or bound to haemoglobin
O2 diffuses into cells
CO2 diffuses out of cells
CO2 transported dissolved, bound to haemoglobin
CO2 enters alveoli

44
Q

How many O molecules can 1 haemoglobin bind?

45
Q

When can haemoglobin bind O2?

A

When in Fe2+ (ferrous) state

46
Q

Why is the blood red?

A

Interaction of Fe2+ with O2 = complex to have red colour when fully saturated with O2

47
Q

What happens when there is a decreased P50 (increased affinity)?

A
  • temp
  • pCO2
    + pH
48
Q

What happens when there is a increased P50 (decreased affinity)?

A

+ temp
+ pCO2
- pH

49
Q

What effect does a drop in pO2 have on Hb saturation?

A

Minimal effect

50
Q

What happens when a large amount of O2 is released from Hb?

A

Only small change in pO2, which facilitates release + diffusion of O2 into tissue

51
Q

What is CO2 + pH effect have?

A

Enhance O2 uptake in lung + delivery to tissues

52
Q

What is temperature effect have?

A

Increase during exercise, decrease in cold weather

53
Q

What is 2,3 DPG effect?

A

Increase in hypoxia, decrease in stored blood samples

54
Q

What is 2,3 DPG?

A

Di phospho glycerate

Bind to Hb = allosteric inhibitor

55
Q

What is CO2 transport?

A

Dissolved CO2 from cellular respiration (7%)
RBCs (23%)
Plasma (70%)

56
Q

What are the respiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Accessory muscles

57
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Lift lungs upwards + outwards as contract

58
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

Pull ribs down in opposition to external

59
Q

Describe diaphragm

A

Diaphragm forms continuous sheet - separates thorax + abdomen

60
Q

Describe diaphragm at rest

A

Dome like shape

61
Q

Describe diaphragm contracting (inspiration)

A

Crown of diaphragm descends = increases vol of chest

62
Q

Describe diaphragm relaxing (expiration)

A

Elastic recoils of chest wall = passive expiration

63
Q

Describe what happens in exercise

A

Chest wall lifted upwards + outwards by external
Diaphragm contracts more strongly
= chest vol increased
Internal contract = reduce chest vol = expiration

64
Q

What happens in severe exercise?

A

Accessory muscles lift chest wall further

65
Q

What is the tidal vol?

A

The vol of air moves during single inspiration or expiration

66
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve vol?

A

Additional vol you inspire before tidal vol

67
Q

What is the expiratory reserve vol?

A

Amount of air forcefully exhaled after end of normal expiration

68
Q

What is the residual vol?

A

At end of max expiration, lungs still contain vol air that cannot be expelled

69
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

Sum of inspiration reserve vol, expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol

70
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Sum of vital capacity + residual vol

71
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Sum of expiratory reserve vol + residual vol

72
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

Sum of tidal vol + inspiratory reserve vol

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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